Conjugated Polymeric Materials in Biological Imaging and Cancer Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Bioimaging
2.1.1. Multicolor Imaging
2.1.2. Near-Infrared Imaging
2.1.3. Two-Photon Imaging (TPFI)
2.1.4. Super-Resolution Imaging
2.1.5. Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI)
2.1.6. Raman Imaging
2.1.7. Future Directions for Bioimaging
2.2. Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment
2.2.1. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
2.2.2. Photothermal Therapy (PTT)
2.2.3. Synergistic Therapy
2.2.4. Future Directions for Therapeutics
3. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Title | Advantage | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Multicolor imaging | Being able to observe multiple cell structures simultaneously at the same excitation wavelength provides more important physiological results and greatly solves the problem of spectral overlap caused by multiple fluorescence. | Application of tumor cell imaging and detection. Multiple biological analysis and diagnostic applications. Selective internalization and imaging of malignant lysosomes, as well as real-time tracking, 3D, and polychromatic cell imaging applications. | [60,61,104,105,106] |
Near-infrared imaging | Has good sensitivity, spatiotemporal resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio, and easy operation. | Real-time cell tracking application in vivo. In vivo blood and tumor imaging. In vivo cytotoxicity analysis and microvascular imaging. In vivo, deep-tissue, and ultrafast imaging of mouse arterial blood flow. Non-invasive cranial brain imaging. | [69,71,72,73,107] |
Two-photon imaging | The scattering coefficient in biological tissues is small, with good penetrability, relatively small damage to biological tissues, and low phototoxicity. | Used for 3D reconstruction of intact mouse brain and skull cerebral vascular network. Two-photon fluorescence imaging of cells, tissues, and organs in living animals. Cell imaging, in vitro tissue imaging, and vascular imaging. Deep high-resolution imaging of microcracks in bone. | [78,81,82,108,109] |
Super-resolution imaging | It can clearly observe cellular structure and subcellular structure, which overcomes the optical diffraction limitations of optical microscopy, and has good temporal and spatial resolution. | Super-resolution long-term visualization for subcellular dynamics. Used for in vivo brain imaging. In vivo imaging of animal brain microvessels. | [86,87,88,110,111] |
Photoacoustic imaging | PAI signals can penetrate deeper tissues, are non-invasive, non-radiative, have high imaging resolution, good contrast, strong sensitivity, and can provide multi-scale and multi-dimensional image information. | PAI of whole-body lymph nodes in mice. Used for in vivo imaging and treatment of tumors. Real-time imaging and optical urine analysis. Whole-brain photoacoustic imaging in animal models. Imaging of mouse brain and cerebral blood vessels. | [93,94,96,112,113] |
Raman imaging | High specificity, high sensitivity, fast scanning speed, can avoid self-luminescence problems, low background signal, high spatial resolution, high chemical specificity, multiplexing ability, excellent optical stability, and non-invasive detection ability. | Raman imaging of cells and tissues. Used for non-invasive microvascular imaging in vivo. | [101,102,103,114] |
Title | Schematic Diagram | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
PTT | PTT has the advantages of small adverse reactions and high specificity. Combined with a variety of imaging, it can achieve visual and effective local killing of tumors. Usually used to treat breast cancer and prostate cancer. | [126,127,128,129] | |
PDT | PDT therapy has the advantages of good selectivity, minimal trauma, low toxicity, and good applicability, which can protect the functions of tissues and important organs. Can effectively resist bacteria and treat tumors. | [130,131,132,133] | |
PTT-PDT | During the combined application of PTT and PDT, PTT enhances CAT activity, promotes an increase in oxygen content, alleviates hypoxia, and improves PDT. The free radicals generated by PDT disrupt the expression of heat shock proteins, thereby improving PTT. From this, PDT and PTT mutually promote and synergistically improve the anti-tumor effect. The multimodal therapy, combined with PTT and PDT, has broad prospects in combating multiple-drug resistance (MDR) and hypoxia-related tumor resistance. | [134,135,136] | |
PTT-Chem | Nanomaterials loaded with chemotherapy drugs can passively target tumors by enhancing penetration and retention effects, or actively target tumors by surface-binding molecules. Local heating during photothermal therapy can also improve cell membrane permeability and drug cytotoxicity, achieving a “1 + 1 > 2” therapeutic effect and inhibiting tumor recurrence. | [126,137] | |
PDT-Chem | The synergistic effect of PDT chemotherapy solves the limitations of insufficient local drug concentration and severe adverse reactions during chemotherapy, overcomes tumor resistance and increases anticancer activity, and treats tumors by exerting synergistic effects. | [138,139,140] |
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Zheng, Q.; Duan, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, X.; Xiong, X.; Zhang, A.; Chang, K.; Li, Q. Conjugated Polymeric Materials in Biological Imaging and Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023, 28, 5091. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135091
Zheng Q, Duan Z, Zhang Y, Huang X, Xiong X, Zhang A, Chang K, Li Q. Conjugated Polymeric Materials in Biological Imaging and Cancer Therapy. Molecules. 2023; 28(13):5091. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135091
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Qinbin, Zhuli Duan, Ying Zhang, Xinqi Huang, Xuefan Xiong, Ang Zhang, Kaiwen Chang, and Qiong Li. 2023. "Conjugated Polymeric Materials in Biological Imaging and Cancer Therapy" Molecules 28, no. 13: 5091. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135091