Photocatalytic Degradation of Inherent Pharmaceutical Concentration Levels in Real Hospital WWTP Effluents Using g-C3N4 Catalyst on CPC Pilot Scale Reactor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Degradation of Pharmaceuticals in Hospital WWTP Effluent
2.2. Organic Load Evolution
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents and Chemicals
3.2. Photocatalytic Experiments
3.3. Determination of Physicochemical Parameters
3.4. Extraction of Wastewater Samples
3.5. LTQ-FT Orbitrap Instrument Operational Parameters
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Physicochemical Parameters | Min | Max | S.D. | Median |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.5 | 7.3 | 0.58 | 6.65 |
Temperature (°C) | 12.2 | 25.7 | 3.8 | 21.8 |
Conductivity (μS cm−1) | 1060 | 1959 | 300.9 | 1305 |
Total Dissolved solids (TDS, mg L−1) | 308 | 1951 | 646.62 | 390 |
Turbidity (NTU) | 4.1 | 16.5 | 3.5 | 10.4 |
BOD5 (mg L−1) | 4.2 | 48.5 | 18.37 | 12.7 |
COD (mg L−1) | 5 | 186 | 67.4 | 36.5 |
Abs254 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.25 |
Total phenols (mg L−1) | 0.09 | 6.9 | 2.73 | 1.45 |
NO3− (mg L−1) | 1.89 | 50.9 | 19.2 | 26.4 |
PO43− (mg L−1) | 2.96 | 50.6 | 12.64 | 10.04 |
Cl− (mg L−1) | 93.5 | 569.03 | 43.04 | 186.35 |
SO4− (mg L−1) | 1.57 | 45.7 | 8.1 | 12.7 |
Amisulpride | O-Desmethyl Venlafaxine | Venlafaxine | Carbamazepine | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cg-C3N4 (mg L−1)/(AE, kJ L−1) | k (L kJ−1) | R2 | %R | k (L kJ−1) | R2 | %R | k (L kJ−1) | R2 | %R | k (L kJ−1) | R2 | %R |
100/(69.93) | 0.039 | 0.9777 | 94 | 0.016 | 0.9947 | 69 | 0.018 | 0.9833 | 68 | 0.03 | 0.9747 | 83 |
200/(67.61) (1st cycle) | 0.044 | 0.965 | 95 | 0.013 | 0.9861 | 56 | 0.019 | 0.9958 | 66 | 0.04 | 0.9927 | 87 |
300/(45.78) | 0.067 | 0.9746 | 96 | 0.016 | 0.9867 | 54 | 0.029 | 0.9818 | 72 | 0.014 | 0.9889 | 49 |
200/(62.72) (2nd cycle) | 0.018 | 0.9889 | 68 | 0.009 | 0.9648 | 39 | 0.008 | 0.9743 | 35 | 0.034 | 0.9851 | 84 |
g-C3N4 100 (mg L−1) | g-C3N4 300 (mg L−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k (L kJ−1) | R2 | %R (AE) | k (L kJ−1) | R2 | %R (AE) | |
Valsartan | 0.03 | 0.9857 | 84 (69.93) | 0.037 | 0.9721 | 84 (45.78) |
Citalopram | 0.029 | 0.9345 | 86 (69.93) | 0.026 | 0.9742 | 74 (45.78) |
Quetiapine | 0.133 | 0.9858 | 86 (13.76) | |||
Trimethoprim | 0.049 | 0.9517 | 91 (45.78) | |||
Mirtazapine | 0.018 | 0.9997 | 34 (23.93) | |||
Atenolol | 0.021 | 0.9716 | 59 (45.78) |
Parameter | 100 mg L−1 g-C3N4 | 200 mg L−1 g-C3N4 (1st cycle) | 200 mg L−1 g-C3N4 (2nd cycle) | 300 mg L−1 g-C3N4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | After Treatment | Initial | After Treatment | Initial | After Treatment | Initial | After Treatment | |
BOD5 (mg L−1) | 12.7 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 6.2 | 3.0 | 13.3 | 8.5 |
COD (mg L−1) | 52.0 | 23.0 | 12.0 | 6.5 | 34.0 | 6.3 | 47.0 | 21.0 |
BOD5/COD | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.58 | 0.69 | 0.18 | 0.48 | 0.28 | 0.40 |
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Rapti, I.; Kourkouta, T.; Malisova, E.-M.; Albanis, T.; Konstantinou, I. Photocatalytic Degradation of Inherent Pharmaceutical Concentration Levels in Real Hospital WWTP Effluents Using g-C3N4 Catalyst on CPC Pilot Scale Reactor. Molecules 2023, 28, 1170. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031170
Rapti I, Kourkouta T, Malisova E-M, Albanis T, Konstantinou I. Photocatalytic Degradation of Inherent Pharmaceutical Concentration Levels in Real Hospital WWTP Effluents Using g-C3N4 Catalyst on CPC Pilot Scale Reactor. Molecules. 2023; 28(3):1170. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031170
Chicago/Turabian StyleRapti, Ilaeira, Theodora Kourkouta, Evrydiki-Maria Malisova, Triantafyllos Albanis, and Ioannis Konstantinou. 2023. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Inherent Pharmaceutical Concentration Levels in Real Hospital WWTP Effluents Using g-C3N4 Catalyst on CPC Pilot Scale Reactor" Molecules 28, no. 3: 1170. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031170