A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacological Activities of Pachypodol: A Bioactive Compound of an Aromatic Medicinal Plant Pogostemon Cablin Benth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Botanical Description
3. Pharmacological Activities
3.1. Antimicrobial Activity
3.2. Anti-Mutagenic Activity
3.3. Anti-Oxidant Activity
3.4. Anti-Viral Activity
3.5. Anticancer Activity
3.6. Apoptosis Induction
3.7. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.8. Antiemetic Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Activities | Tests | Target | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antimicrobial activity | Resazurin assay | Staphylococcus aureus 6538 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 27736 | Growth inhibited | [47] |
Resazurin assay | Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Bacillus subtilis (NK-1), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 14028), and Escherichia coli (MTCC 1302). | Low bacteriostatic effect against bacteria strains, except for B. subtilis, against which it showed a moderate inhibition effect | [48] | |
Antiviral activity | ADP-Glo Lipid Kinase Systems kit | Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KB) | Interferes with brefeldin A (BFA)-Golgi disassembly, BFA targets viral RNA synthesis | [49] |
Anti-mutagenic | Ames test | S. typhimurium TA100 | Suppress SOS-inducing activity | [18] |
Antioxidant | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay | Rats | Cytokine levels and Oxidative stress reduced | [50] |
Cell-based assays | HepG2 cells | Pachypodol protected HepG2 cells from cell death caused by oxidative stress and reduced ROS production | [46] | |
Superoxide anion radical-scavenging method | Leaves of C. floribunda extracts | High antioxidant activity | [51] | |
HAT, SPLET, AND SET-PT | Rats | ERK activation, Nrf2-regulated enzyme activation, increase in GSH levels | [52] | |
Anti-cancerous | MTT assays | Human ovarian cancer cells (A2780) | Inhibition of cell growth | [53] |
Brine shrimp lethality assay and Promega’s Cell Titer 96 non-radioactive cell proliferation assay | Cancer Coli-2 (CaCo-2) colon cancer cell line | Showed high toxicity against Cancer Coli-2 (CaCo-2) | [51] | |
MTT assay | Chinese mistletoe MCF7 cell line | Positive cytotoxic effect | [54] | |
Likhiwitayawuid method, ELISA | Human cell lines; human epidemoid carcinoma (Kb), Hep-G2 (Hepatoma-G2), RD (Rhabdosarcoma) | Showed strong cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines | [44] | |
Anti-inflammatory | MTT assays | RBL2H3 and RAW264.7 cells of Aglaia andamanica leaves | Pachypodol exhibited cytotoxicity (25–30%) at 100 mM | [8] |
Nitric oxide (NO) production assay | Leaves of Eupomatia laurina tree | High levels of cell growth inhibition. | [55] | |
Formalin test | TNF, IL-1, COX-2, PGE2, SOD and glutathione peroxidase | Inhibited expression of inflammatory mediators | [56] | |
Anti-emetic | New assay method | Young 4-day-old male chicks | 5-HT3, 5-HT4, or NK1 receptor antagonism | [56] |
Screening | Young chicks | Anti-emetic properties are demonstrated at doses of 10–50 mg/kg | [15] | |
Antagonistic 5-HT3, 5-HT4, or NK-1 receptor action test | Digestive organ muscles | Inward Ca2+ efflux through cell membranes | [57] |
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Fatima, S.; Farzeen, I.; Ashraf, A.; Aslam, B.; Ijaz, M.U.; Hayat, S.; Sarfraz, M.H.; Zafar, S.; Zafar, N.; Unuofin, J.O.; et al. A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacological Activities of Pachypodol: A Bioactive Compound of an Aromatic Medicinal Plant Pogostemon Cablin Benth. Molecules 2023, 28, 3469. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083469
Fatima S, Farzeen I, Ashraf A, Aslam B, Ijaz MU, Hayat S, Sarfraz MH, Zafar S, Zafar N, Unuofin JO, et al. A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacological Activities of Pachypodol: A Bioactive Compound of an Aromatic Medicinal Plant Pogostemon Cablin Benth. Molecules. 2023; 28(8):3469. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083469
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatima, Sehrish, Iqra Farzeen, Asma Ashraf, Bilal Aslam, Muhammad Umar Ijaz, Sumreen Hayat, Muhammad Hassan Sarfraz, Saima Zafar, Nimrah Zafar, Jeremiah Oshiomame Unuofin, and et al. 2023. "A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacological Activities of Pachypodol: A Bioactive Compound of an Aromatic Medicinal Plant Pogostemon Cablin Benth" Molecules 28, no. 8: 3469. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083469