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Article

The Liquid Jet Endstation for Hard X-ray Scattering and Spectroscopy at the Linac Coherent Light Source

by
Cali Antolini
1,†,
Victor Sosa Alfaro
1,†,
Marco Reinhard
1,
Gourab Chatterjee
1,
Ryan Ribson
1,
Dimosthenis Sokaras
1,
Leland Gee
1,
Takahiro Sato
1,
Patrick L. Kramer
1,
Sumana Laxmi Raj
1,
Brandon Hayes
1,
Pamela Schleissner
1,
Angel T. Garcia-Esparza
1,
Jinkyu Lim
1,2,
Jeffrey T. Babicz, Jr.
1,
Alec H. Follmer
3,
Silke Nelson
1,
Matthieu Chollet
1,
Roberto Alonso-Mori
1,* and
Tim B. van Driel
1,*
1
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
2
Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2323; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102323
Submission received: 10 April 2024 / Revised: 10 May 2024 / Accepted: 13 May 2024 / Published: 15 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photochemical Studies of Metal Complexes)
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Abstract

The ability to study chemical dynamics on ultrafast timescales has greatly advanced with the introduction of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) providing short pulses of intense X-rays tailored to probe atomic structure and electronic configuration. Fully exploiting the full potential of XFELs requires specialized experimental endstations along with the development of techniques and methods to successfully carry out experiments. The liquid jet endstation (LJE) at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) has been developed to study photochemistry and biochemistry in solution systems using a combination of X-ray solution scattering (XSS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). The pump–probe setup utilizes an optical laser to excite the sample, which is subsequently probed by a hard X-ray pulse to resolve structural and electronic dynamics at their intrinsic femtosecond timescales. The LJE ensures reliable sample delivery to the X-ray interaction point via various liquid jets, enabling rapid replenishment of thin samples with millimolar concentrations and low sample volumes at the 120 Hz repetition rate of the LCLS beam. This paper provides a detailed description of the LJE design and of the techniques it enables, with an emphasis on the diagnostics required for real-time monitoring of the liquid jet and on the spatiotemporal overlap methods used to optimize the signal. Additionally, various scientific examples are discussed, highlighting the versatility of the LJE.
Keywords: XFEL; X-ray diffraction; X-ray scattering; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; XANES; EXAFS; X-ray emission spectroscopy; photochemistry; biochemistry; time-resolved X-ray studies XFEL; X-ray diffraction; X-ray scattering; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; XANES; EXAFS; X-ray emission spectroscopy; photochemistry; biochemistry; time-resolved X-ray studies
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MDPI and ACS Style

Antolini, C.; Sosa Alfaro, V.; Reinhard, M.; Chatterjee, G.; Ribson, R.; Sokaras, D.; Gee, L.; Sato, T.; Kramer, P.L.; Raj, S.L.; et al. The Liquid Jet Endstation for Hard X-ray Scattering and Spectroscopy at the Linac Coherent Light Source. Molecules 2024, 29, 2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102323

AMA Style

Antolini C, Sosa Alfaro V, Reinhard M, Chatterjee G, Ribson R, Sokaras D, Gee L, Sato T, Kramer PL, Raj SL, et al. The Liquid Jet Endstation for Hard X-ray Scattering and Spectroscopy at the Linac Coherent Light Source. Molecules. 2024; 29(10):2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102323

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antolini, Cali, Victor Sosa Alfaro, Marco Reinhard, Gourab Chatterjee, Ryan Ribson, Dimosthenis Sokaras, Leland Gee, Takahiro Sato, Patrick L. Kramer, Sumana Laxmi Raj, and et al. 2024. "The Liquid Jet Endstation for Hard X-ray Scattering and Spectroscopy at the Linac Coherent Light Source" Molecules 29, no. 10: 2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102323

APA Style

Antolini, C., Sosa Alfaro, V., Reinhard, M., Chatterjee, G., Ribson, R., Sokaras, D., Gee, L., Sato, T., Kramer, P. L., Raj, S. L., Hayes, B., Schleissner, P., Garcia-Esparza, A. T., Lim, J., Babicz, J. T., Jr., Follmer, A. H., Nelson, S., Chollet, M., Alonso-Mori, R., & van Driel, T. B. (2024). The Liquid Jet Endstation for Hard X-ray Scattering and Spectroscopy at the Linac Coherent Light Source. Molecules, 29(10), 2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102323

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