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Article

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Acute Toxicity of Caco Seed (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) in Murine Models

by
Abel Arce-Ortiz
1,
Cristian Jiménez-Martínez
2,*,
Gabriel Alfonso Gutiérrez-Rebolledo
2,
Luis Jorge Corzo-Ríos
3,
Zendy Evelyn Olivo-Vidal
1,
Rosalva Mora-Escobedo
2,
Yair Cruz-Narváez
4 and
Xariss M. Sánchez-Chino
5,*
1
Departamento de Salud, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Villahermosa, Carretera Federal Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5, Ra. Guineo Segunda Sección, C.P., Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico
2
Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
3
Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto, La Laguna Ticomán, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
4
Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Lindavista, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
5
Catedra-CONAHCYT, Departamento de Salud, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur-Villahermosa, Carretera Federal Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5, Ra. Guineo Segunda Sección, C.P., Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(14), 3243; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143243
Submission received: 3 June 2024 / Revised: 4 July 2024 / Accepted: 7 July 2024 / Published: 9 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolites of Biofunctional Interest from Plant Sources)
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Abstract

Chysobalanus icaco L. (C. icaco) is a plant that is native to tropical America and Africa. It is also found in the southeast region of Mexico, where it is used as food and to treat certain diseases. This study aimed to carry out a phytochemical analysis of an aqueous extract of C. icaco seed (AECS), including its total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and condensed tannins (CT). It also aimed to examine the antioxidant and metal-ion-reducing potential of the AECS in vitro, as well as its toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect in mice. Antioxidant and metal-ion-reducing potential was examined by inhibiting DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. The acute toxicity test involved a single administration of different doses of the AECS (0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg body weight). Finally, a single administration at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg of the AECS was used in the carrageenan-induced model of subplantar acute edema. The results showed that the AECS contained 124.14 ± 0.32 mg GAE, 1.65 ± 0.02 mg EQ, and 0.910 ± 0.01 mg of catechin equivalents/g dried extract (mg EC/g de extract) for TPC, TFC and CT, respectively. In the antioxidant potential assays, the values of the median inhibition concentration (IC50) of the AECS were determined with DPPH (0.050 mg/mL), ABTS (0.074 mg/mL), and FRAP (0.49 mg/mL). Acute toxicity testing of the AECS revealed no lethality, with a median lethal dose (LD50) value of >2 g/kg by the intragastric route. Finally, for inhibition of acute edema, the AECS decreased inflammation by 55%, similar to indomethacin (59%, p > 0.05). These results demonstrated that C. icaco seed could be considered a source of bioactive molecules for therapeutic purposes due to its antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity derived from TPC, with no lethal effect from a single intragastric administration in mice.
Keywords: Chrysobalanus icaco; bioactive compounds; antioxidants; toxicity; anti-inflammatory Chrysobalanus icaco; bioactive compounds; antioxidants; toxicity; anti-inflammatory
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MDPI and ACS Style

Arce-Ortiz, A.; Jiménez-Martínez, C.; Gutiérrez-Rebolledo, G.A.; Corzo-Ríos, L.J.; Olivo-Vidal, Z.E.; Mora-Escobedo, R.; Cruz-Narváez, Y.; Sánchez-Chino, X.M. Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Acute Toxicity of Caco Seed (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) in Murine Models. Molecules 2024, 29, 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143243

AMA Style

Arce-Ortiz A, Jiménez-Martínez C, Gutiérrez-Rebolledo GA, Corzo-Ríos LJ, Olivo-Vidal ZE, Mora-Escobedo R, Cruz-Narváez Y, Sánchez-Chino XM. Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Acute Toxicity of Caco Seed (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) in Murine Models. Molecules. 2024; 29(14):3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143243

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arce-Ortiz, Abel, Cristian Jiménez-Martínez, Gabriel Alfonso Gutiérrez-Rebolledo, Luis Jorge Corzo-Ríos, Zendy Evelyn Olivo-Vidal, Rosalva Mora-Escobedo, Yair Cruz-Narváez, and Xariss M. Sánchez-Chino. 2024. "Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Acute Toxicity of Caco Seed (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) in Murine Models" Molecules 29, no. 14: 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143243

APA Style

Arce-Ortiz, A., Jiménez-Martínez, C., Gutiérrez-Rebolledo, G. A., Corzo-Ríos, L. J., Olivo-Vidal, Z. E., Mora-Escobedo, R., Cruz-Narváez, Y., & Sánchez-Chino, X. M. (2024). Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Acute Toxicity of Caco Seed (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) in Murine Models. Molecules, 29(14), 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143243

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