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Open AccessReview
Progress on the Synthesis Pathways and Pharmacological Effects of Naturally Occurring Pyrazines
by
Xun Liu
Xun Liu and
Wenli Quan
Wenli Quan *
College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(15), 3597; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153597 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 June 2024
/
Revised: 24 July 2024
/
Accepted: 29 July 2024
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Published: 30 July 2024
Abstract
As one of the most essential types of heterocyclic compounds, pyrazines have a characteristic smell and taste and have a wide range of commercial applications, especially in the food industry. With the development of the food industry, the demand for pyrazines has increased. Therefore, understanding the properties, functions, and synthetic pathways of pyrazines is one of the fundamental methods to produce, control, and apply pyrazines in food or medical systems. In this review, we provide an overview of the synthesis pathways and physiological or pharmacological functions of naturally occurring pyrazines. In particular, we focus on the biosynthesis and pharmacological effects of 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP), 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine (2,5-DMP), and 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine (TMP). Furthermore, areas where further research on pyrazines is needed are discussed in this work.
Keywords:
pyrazine; 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine; 2,5-dimethylpyrazine; 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine; biosynthesis; pharmacological effect
pyrazine; 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine; 2,5-dimethylpyrazine; 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine; biosynthesis; pharmacological effect
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Liu, X.; Quan, W.
Progress on the Synthesis Pathways and Pharmacological Effects of Naturally Occurring Pyrazines. Molecules 2024, 29, 3597.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153597
AMA Style
Liu X, Quan W.
Progress on the Synthesis Pathways and Pharmacological Effects of Naturally Occurring Pyrazines. Molecules. 2024; 29(15):3597.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153597
Chicago/Turabian Style
Liu, Xun, and Wenli Quan.
2024. "Progress on the Synthesis Pathways and Pharmacological Effects of Naturally Occurring Pyrazines" Molecules 29, no. 15: 3597.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153597
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