Recent Research Progress on the Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Alpinae oxyphyllae Fructus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Active Components of AOF
2.1. Terpenes
2.2. Flavonoids
2.3. Diarylheptanoids
2.4. Other Components
3. Pharmacology
3.1. Effects of AOF on Neurological Disorders
3.1.1. Neuroprotective Effects
3.1.2. Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Regulation of Metabolic Disorders
Antioxidant and Antiapoptotic Activity
Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity
3.1.3. Treatment of Stroke
3.1.4. Others
3.2. Hypoglycemic Effects
3.2.1. Diabetes
3.2.2. Diabetic Nephropathy
3.3. Antihyperuricemia
3.4. Antiaging
3.5. Antidiuresis
3.6. Immune Regulation
3.7. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.8. Antitumor Activity
3.9. Renal Protection
3.10. Hepatoprotection
3.11. Antiasthma
Pharmacology | Diseases | Model | Pathways | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neuroprotection | / | In vitro | / | ↓ ROS, MDA, NO | [17] |
/ | In vitro | PI3K/AKT/GSK3β, BDNF/TrkB/TLR4 | ↓ Iba-1, NO, TNF-α, iNOS ↑ TREM2, Arg-1, IL-10 | [48] | |
Regulation of metabolic disorders | AD | In vitro | / | ↑ arginine, 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate, succinic semialdehyde, LPE, isocitrate, acetyl-l-carnitine, palmitoylcarnitine, oleoylcarnitine ↓ isoleucine, glutamine, LPC, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, adrenic acid | [32] |
AD | In vitro | / | ↑ CA, CDCA ↓ TCA, GCA, TCDCA, GCDCA, LCA, TDCA, TLCA, GLCA | [33] | |
AD | In vitro | / | ↓ DCA | [32,33] | |
Antioxidant, antiapoptotic | AD | In vivo | / | ↑ BDNF, ERK, CREB, BCL-2, p-ERK1/2, p-AKT473 ↓ BAX, cleaved caspase-3 | [34] |
AD | In vivo | / | ↓ Aβ, ACHE | [35] | |
AD | In vivo | / | ↓ TChE, ↑ SOD | [37] | |
AD | In vivo | / | ↓ MDA, ↑ GSH-Px | [35,37] | |
AD | In vivo | PI3K/Akt | ↑ SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, MMP, Bcl2 ↓ ROS, caspase-3, BAX | [36] | |
AD | In vivo | Akt-GSK3b, Nrf2-Keap1-HO-1 | ↓ APP, Aβ | [38] | |
AD | In vitro | NF-κB, caspase9- caspase3 | ↑ IKK-α, p65 ↓ IκB-α, p53 | [39] | |
Anti-neuroinflammatory | AD | In vitro | / | ↓ IL-1β, NFκB p65, NLRP3 | [40] |
In vivo | / | ↓ NO | [45] | ||
In vitro/in vivo | / | ↓ TNF-α, IL-6, | [40,45] | ||
In vitro | PI3K/AKT/NF-κB | ↓ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β | [41] | ||
In vitro | / | ↓ ROS, caspase-3 | [42] | ||
In vivo | NF-κB | ↓ NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κBp65 | [44] | ||
Effects on other neurological disorders | Stroke | In vivo | / | ↑ GalC, NGF, NSE, Nestin, Vimentin | [23] |
Stroke | In vivo | p38 MAPK/ p90rsk, JNK/Cathepsin B | ↑ p-Bad, CREB, Bcl-2 (Bcl-xL)/Bax ↓ Bax, p53, cyto c, Smac/DIABLO, AIF, caspase | [55] | |
Stroke | In vivo | TRAF3/T3JAM/JNK, JNK/NF-κ b, TLR4/T3JAM/JNK-, ASK1/JNK, TLR4/Iba1 (GFAP)/TRAF3/ T3JAM-, NF-κ b /ASK1, TLR4/JNK, ASK1/JNK | ↓ iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6 | [56] | |
Stroke | In vivo | BDNF/TrkB/AKT | ↑ BDNF, TrkB, p-AKT | [46] | |
PD | In vivo | PKA/Akt/ mTOR/PSMB8 | ↓ A53T-α-syn | [60] | |
Epilepsy | In vivo | / | ↑ SOD ↓ MDA | [61] | |
Depression | In vitro | MyD88/NF-κ b | ↓ IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β | [62] | |
Reduction of blood sugar | Diabetes | In vitro | / | ↓ α-glucosidase, PTP1B ↑ GLP-1 | [20] |
Diabetes | In vivo | / | ↑ ratio of bacteroidetes to firmicutes ↓ blood glucose | [63] | |
DN | In vivo | / | ↓ blood glucose | [64,66] | |
DN | In vivo | / | ↓ sphingolipin, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, urea, nitrogen, urinary creatinine, urinary albumin | [65,66] | |
DN | In vivo | / | ↓ urinary excretion of microalbumin | [64] | |
DN | In vivo | / | ↓ H2O2, MDA, Superoxide Anion ↑ CAT, T-GSH, SOD | [66] | |
DN | In vivo | / | ↓ TGF-β1, UP, BUN, TG, TC, LDL-C, Scr, BUN, LDL-C, abundance of proteobacteria ↑ SCFAs, HDLC | [67] | |
Antihyperuricemic | Hyperuricemia | In vivo | / | ↓ GOT, BUN, IL-1β, | [68] |
Hyperuricemia | In vivo | / | ↑ OAT1 ↓ URAT1, UA | [68,69] | |
Antiaging | / | In vitro | / | ↑ CAT, SOD, DAF-16, SOD-3 | [70] |
/ | In vitro | insulin/IGF, SKN-1 | ↑ SOD, CAT, sod-3, gst-4, daf-16, skn-1 ↓ daf-2, age-1, ROS, MDA | [71] | |
/ | In vitro/in vivo | / | ↓ P21, β-galactosidase, cyt c, caspase-3 ↑ pAKT, SIRT-1 | [72] | |
/ | In vitro | Nrf2 | ↑ Nrf2, HO-1, SOD-1, IκBα, TIMP-1 ↓ Rac-1, Nox-2, IL-6, p-NF-κB, CTGF, MMPs | [73] | |
/ | In vitro | / | ↑ DAF-16 | [74] | |
/ | In vivo | / | ↓ TGF-β1, MMP-2, MMP-9 | [75] | |
/ | In vivo | / | ↑ spermatids, testosterone ↓ 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine, Histone deacetylases 1, caspase-3 | [76] | |
Antidiuretic | Overactive bladder | In vivo | TGFβ1-SMAD 3, Gq-PLCβ1 calcium | ↓ TGF-β1, SMAD 3, Collagen, Gq, PLC β1, MLCK, MLC | [77] |
/ | In vitro | / | ↓ α-smooth muscle actin; ↑ apoptosis rate of human bladder detrusor cell | [78] | |
/ | In vivo | / | ↓ urine volume | [26] | |
/ | In vivo | β3-AR-cAMP | ↑ ALD, ADH, splenic coefficients, thymus coefficients, adrenal coefficients, AC, cAMP, PKA, β3-adrenoceptor mRNA | [79] | |
/ | In vivo | / | ↓ MDA, P2X3, muscarinic M3 ↑ SOD, β3-adrenergic receptor | [80] | |
Immune regulation | / | In vivo | / | ↑ phagocytosis rate, NK cells | [81] |
/ | In vitro | / | ↑ thymus index, spleen index | [82] | |
/ | In vitro/in vivo | / | ↑ phagocytic index | [81,82] | |
/ | In vitro | / | ↑ IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, sIgG | [5] | |
/ | In vitro | / | ↑ NO, IL-10, TNF-α, iNOS, TGF-β | [83] | |
Anti-inflammatory | / | In vitro | / | ↓ TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2 | [16,19] |
/ | In vitro | / | ↓ PGE2 | [18] | |
/ | In vitro | / | ↓ NO | [19,84] | |
Antiarthritic | Osteoarthritis | In vivo | / | ↓ GAG | [85] |
Osteoarthritis | In vivo | / | ↓ MMP-3, MMP-13, PGE2, NO ↑ TMIP-1 | [86] | |
Osteoarthritis | In vitro/in vivo | MAPK | ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2, NO | [87] | |
Antitumor | Bile duct cancer | In vitro | IL-6/STAT3 | ↓ IL-6, p-STAT3, MMP2, Ki-67 | [88] |
Colorectal cancer | In vitro | / | ↑ NAG-1 ↓ cyclin D1 | [89] | |
Liver cancer | In vitro/in vivo | / | ↑ PTEN ↓ p-AKT, PI3K | [90] | |
Renal protection | -/ | In vivo | NOX4, NF-κB, Nrf2/HO-1 | ↑ GSH, CAT, GPX, SOD ↓ NOX4, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, aspase-9, caspase-3 | [91] |
/ | In vitro | / | ↓ fibronectin | [24] | |
Hepatoprotection | Metabolic fatty liver disease | In vivo | MAPK | ↓ IL-1β, IL-18, TNFα, IL-6, TG, HDL-c, p-ERK1/2, p-p38, p-JNK ↑ p-AMPKα | [92] |
/ | In vitro | Nrf2/HO-1 | ↑ Nrf2, Ho1 | [93] | |
Antiasthmatic | Asthma | In vivo | / | ↓ IL-4, IL-5, IgE, CD200R ↑ CAT, GPX | [94] |
4. Research on the Herb Pairs of AOF
4.1. AOF–Schisandra Chinensis
4.2. AOF–Acorus Tatarinowii Schott
4.3. AOF–Lindera Aggregata
4.4. AOF–Other Herb Pairs
Herb Pairs/Components | Pharmacology | Diseases | Model | Pathways | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOSC | Neuroprotection | AD | In vitro/in vivo | / | ↓ BACE1, Aβ1–42 | [96] |
Neuroprotection | AD | In vitro | PI3K/Akt/Gsk-3β/CREB | ↓ Aβ1-42 | [98] | |
Neuroprotection | AD | In vivo | / | ↑ ACH, M1 ↓ ACHE | [101] | |
Anti-inflammatory | AD | In vivo | NF-κB | ↓ IKK-α, NF-κB, p53, Bad, Bax ↑ Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, i-κB-α | [97] | |
Schisandrin and nootkatone | Neuroprotection | AD | In vivo | TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 | ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6mRNA, COX-2, iNOS, GSH-Px, MDA, TAOC, NO ↑ GST, T-AOC, SOD, GSH | [99] |
Anti-inflammatory, inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy | AD | In vitro/in vivo | PI3K/AKT/Gsk-3β/mTOR | ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, IKK, cleaved-caspase3, LC3-Ⅱ | [100] | |
AOAT | Regulation of energy metabolism | AD | In vivo | / | ↑ ACH, GLUT-1 ↓ γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, IRS-1 | [102] |
Protection of cerebral microvessels | AD | In vivo | / | ↑ LRP1, GLUT1, GLUT3 ↓ RAGE | [103] | |
AOLA | Regulation of podocyte autophagy | DN | In vivo | PI3K/Akt/mTOR | ↑ Beclin-1, Atg5, LC3-Ⅱ | [105] |
Antiproliferation of mesangial cells | DN | In vitro | PTEN/PI3K/AKT | ↓ miRNA-21, p-AKT, AKT, PI3K ↑ PTEN | [106] | |
AOFV | Analgesia, regulation of the body’s energy metabolism and immune function | Diarrhea | In vivo | / | ↑ ATPase, cAMP, IgG, ratio of cAMP/cGMP ↓ TNF-α, NO, 5-HT | [107] |
AOAF | Antibacterial, antitumor | / | In vivo | / | ↓ staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli ↓ transplanted tumors S180 and H22 | [108] |
Antioxidant | AD | In vivo | / | ↓ Tau, LDH | [109] | |
AOST | Modulation of immunity, anti-inflammatory | Atopic dermatitis | In vivo | / | ↓ IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α, IgE | [110] |
5. Pharmacokinetics
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound No. | Components | Molecular Formula | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1β,4β,7β-trihydroxyeudesmane | C15H28O3 | [12] |
2 | bullatantriol | C15H28O3 | [12] |
3 | 7α-hydroperoxy eudesma-3,11-diene-2-one | C15H22O3 | [13] |
4 | 7β-hydroperoxy eudesma-3,11-diene-2-one | C15H22O3 | [13] |
5 | 3α-hydroxynootkatone | C15H22O2 | [13] |
6 | oxyphylloneside A | C26H40O9 | [14] |
7 | oxyphylloneside B | C22H34O11 | [14] |
8 | carvacrol 2-O-β-glucopyranoside | C16H24O6 | [14] |
9 | thymoquinol 2-O-β-glucopyranoside | C16H24O7 | [14] |
10 | (2R,5R,7R,10S)-2,7-dihydroxyl-eudesmane-3(4),11(12)-diene | C15H24O2 | [15] |
11 | α-rotunol | C15H22O2 | [15] |
12 | (1S,4S,5R,7S)-1-hydroxyl-eremophilane-9(10),11(12)-diene-8-one | C15H22O2 | [15] |
13 | cyperusol A1 | C15H22O3 | [15] |
14 | (6R,9S,10S)-10-hydroxyl-11,12,13-trinor-cadinane-4(5)-ene-3-one | C12H14O2 | [15] |
15 | (4R,5R,7R,10R)-12-nor-eudesma-4,5-epoxy-3-one | C14H20O3 | [16] |
16 | (3S,4S,5R,7R,10S)-eudesma-4,5-epoxy-11-en-3,7-diol | C15H24O3 | [16] |
17 | (4S,5R,10S)-12-nor-eudesma-6-en-4,5-diol-11-one | C14H22O3 | [16] |
18 | (3S,4S,5R,10R)-12-nor-eudesma-3,4-epoxy-6-en-5-ol-11-one | C14H20O3 | [16] |
19 | (3R,4S,10R)-11,12,13-trinor-eudesma-3,4-epoxy-5-en-7-one | C12H16O2 | [16] |
20 | (3R,4S,10S)-11,12,13-trinor-eudesma-3,4-epoxy-5-en-7-one | C12H16O2 | [16] |
21 | (6S,7S,10R)-eudesma-6,7-epoxy-4-en-3-one | C15H22O2 | [16] |
22 | (5R,7R,10S,11S)-eudesma-5,11-epoxy-3-en-12-ol | C15H24O2 | [16] |
23 | (5S,7R,10S)-eudesma-3-en-7,11,12-triol | C15H26O3 | [16] |
24 | (5R,7R,10S)-eudesma-4(15)-en-7,11,12-triol | C15H26O3 | [16] |
25 | (5R,7S,10S)-eudesma-4(15),11-dien-7-ol | C15H24O | [16] |
26 | (2R,5R,7S,10S)-eudesma-4,11-dien-2-ol | C15H24O | [16] |
27 | (4R,5R,7R,10R)-eudesma-11-en-5-ol-1-one | C15H24O2 | [16] |
28 | epialpiniol | C15H24O2 | [16] |
29 | alpinoxyphllaone A | C15H24O3 | [16] |
30 | alpinoxyphllaone B | C18H28O4 | [16] |
31 | neoxyphyllanene | C15H22O2 | [16] |
32 | oxyphyllin A | C13H20O2 | [17] |
33 | oxyphyllin B | C15H22O2 | [17] |
34 | oxyphyllin C | C15H22O3 | [17] |
35 | oxyphyllin D | C15H22O4 | [17] |
36 | oxyphyllin E | C14H18O2 | [17] |
37 | oxyphyllin F | C14H18O3 | [17] |
38 | oxyphyllin G | C14H20O2 | [17] |
39 | oxyphyllin H | C15H22O2 | [17] |
40 | oxyphyllin I | C15H24O3 | [17] |
41 | oxyphyllin J | C14H22O3 | [17] |
42 | (4S*,7S*,9R*)-14-nor-5(10),11(12)-dien-9-ol-1-one-eudesma | C14H20O2 | [18] |
43 | cyperusol A4 | C15H22O3 | [18] |
44 | alpinoxyphyllone C | C15H24O2 | [19] |
45 | (3S,4S,5R,7R)-eremophila-3,4-epoxy-1(10),11-dien-2-one | C15H20O2 | [19] |
46 | (3R,4R,5R,7R)-eremophila-3,4-epoxy-1(10),11-dien-2-one | C15H20O2 | [19] |
47 | (4R,5S,7S,9R)-eremophila-1(10),11-dien-9-ol | C15H24O | [19] |
48 | (2R,4R,5S,7S,9R)-eremophila-1(10),11-dien-2,9-diol | C15H24O2 | [19] |
49 | (1R,2R,4R,5S,7R)-eremophila-9,11-dien-1,2-diol | C15H24O2 | [19] |
50 | oxyphyllone J | C14H18O3 | [19] |
51 | oxyphyllone K | C14H24O2 | [19] |
52 | (±)oxyphyllone I | C15H20O2 | [19] |
53 | oxyspirone A | C15H24O2 | [19] |
54 | oxyspirone B | C15H26O2 | [19] |
55 | alpinoxyphyllol A | C15H26O2 | [20] |
56 | alpinoxyphyllol B | C15H26O2 | [20] |
57 | 2-O-ethyl-β-nootkatol | C17H28O | [20] |
58 | 11-Hydroxyisohanalpinone | C15H22O4 | [20] |
59 | 6S-Oxyphyllenone H | C14H22O2 | [20] |
60 | 6R-Oxyphyllenone H | C14H22O2 | [20] |
61 | oxyphylleudne J | C15H23ClO3 | [21] |
62 | oxyphyllerene D | C15H22O3 | [21] |
63 | oxyphyllerene E | C15H22O3 | [21] |
Compound No. | Components | Molecular Formula | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
64 | baicalein | C15H10O5 | [23] |
65 | wogonin | C16H12O5 | [23] |
66 | myricetin | C15H10O8 | [23] |
67 | Oxyphyllvonide A | C24H22O13 | [24] |
68 | Oxyphyllvonide B | C24H22O13 | [24] |
69 | Oxyphyllvonide C | C24H22O13 | [24] |
70 | Oxyphyllvonide D | C24H22O14 | [24] |
71 | Oxyphyllvonide E | C24H22O14 | [24] |
72 | Oxyphyllvonide F | C24H22O14 | [24] |
73 | Oxyphyllvonide G | C23H20O14 | [24] |
74 | Oxyphyllvonide H | C26H24O15 | [24] |
Compound No. | Components | Molecular Formula | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
75 | 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid | C26H42O4 | [12] |
76 | (E)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-hept-4en-3-one | C20H22O4 | [12] |
77 | 5-hydroxy-7-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone | C20H24O4 | [12] |
78 | dihydrogingerenone B | C21H26O6 | [12] |
79 | 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane | C22H28O7 | [12] |
Compound No. | Components | Molecular Formula | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
80 | 15-methyl-tetracontane | C41H84 | [12] |
81 | 1-tetratriacontanol | C34H70O | [12] |
82 | bis-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate | C24H38O4 | [15] |
83 | 3-methoxy-4-Hydroxy-diphenylhexane | C19H24O2 | [26] |
84 | 20-propyl-β-sitosterol | C32H56O | [26] |
85 | ferulic acid | C10H10O4 | [27] |
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Liao, J.; Zhao, X. Recent Research Progress on the Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Alpinae oxyphyllae Fructus. Molecules 2024, 29, 3905. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163905
Liao J, Zhao X. Recent Research Progress on the Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Alpinae oxyphyllae Fructus. Molecules. 2024; 29(16):3905. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163905
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Junfa, and Xueying Zhao. 2024. "Recent Research Progress on the Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Alpinae oxyphyllae Fructus" Molecules 29, no. 16: 3905. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163905