Ionic Liquid Catalysis in Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis for the Development of Soybean Oil-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foams
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates
2.2. Synthesis of NIPU Foams
2.2.1. FT-IR Analysis
2.2.2. Amount of Blowing Agent
2.2.3. Mechanical Tests
2.2.4. Thermal Stability
2.2.5. Influence of Solvents
2.2.6. Morphology Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Analysis of Materials
3.3. Procedure for Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxidized Vegetable Oil
3.4. Procedure for Synthesis of NIPU Foams
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | % mol of Catalyst | Reaction Time/EV [h/(mol/100 g)] | Viscosity [mPa·s] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.5 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 33 | |||
[bmim]HSO4 | 12.37 | 0.336 | 0.283 | 0.189 | 0.105 | 0.065 | − |
[bmim]PF6 | 10.28 | 0.318 | 0.316 | 0.313 | 0.306 | 0.304 | − |
[bmim]N(CN)2 | 14.24 | 0.353 | 0.301 | 0.237 | 0.111 | 0.030 | 83,700 |
[bmim]DMP | 11.06 | 0.355 | 0.312 | 0.269 | 0.238 | 0.198 | 6100 |
[bmim]Ac | 14.74 | 0.338 | 0.134 | 0.071 | 0.021 | − | 28,800 |
[bmim]Br | 13.34 | 0.307 | 0.237 | 0.107 | 0.005 | − | 54,500 |
[bmim]Cl | 16.73 | 0.091 | 0.017 | 0.005 | − | − | 44,400 |
[emim]Cl | 19.93 | 0.246 | 0.126 | 0.042 | 0.005 | − | 39,200 |
[hmim]Cl | 14.41 | 0.124 | 0.076 | 0.001 | − | − | 37,200 |
[omim]Cl | 12.66 | 0.212 | 0.080 | 0.020 | 0.009 | − | 38,900 |
[emim]EtSO4 | 12.37 | 0.363 | 0.329 | 0.317 | 0.243 | 0.219 | − |
[emim]DBP | 9.12 | 0.322 | 0.314 | 0.263 | 0.212 | 0.174 | 17,500 |
[emim]HSO4 | 14.03 | 0.348 | 0.340 | 0.300 | 0.275 | 0.232 | 1460 |
[emim]Br | 15.29 | 0.305 | 0.215 | 0.101 | 0.009 | − | 63,800 |
[hmim]Br | 11.82 | 0.321 | 0.099 | 0.009 | − | − | 29,800 |
[hmim]Br + ZnBr2 | 12.64 | 0.317 | 0.185 | 0.046 | 0.018 | − | 21,100 |
ZnBr2 | 12.98 | 0.231 | 0.222 | 0.200 | − | − | gelled |
ChDHP | 14.53 | 0.362 | 0.361 | 0.361 | − | − | − |
ChAc | 17.90 | 0.340 | 0.340 | − | − | − | − |
THPBr | 6.47 | 0.237 | 0.150 | 0.056 | 0.036 | − | 40,100 |
TBABr | 9.06 | 0.301 | 0.198 | 0.054 | 0.027 | − | 30,800 |
Cycle Number | CFD (kPa) | Elastic Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|
1 | 146 | 100.0 |
2 | 124 | 75.5 |
3 | 120 | 70.9 |
4 | 118 | 68.1 |
5 | 117 | 66.9 |
6 | 116 | 66.0 |
7 | 116 | 65.0 |
8 | 116 | 64.1 |
9 | 116 | 64.0 |
10 | 116 | 63.1 |
Component | IL-NIPU1 [g] | IL-NIPU1 [wt%] | IL-NIPU2 [g] | IL-NIPU2 [wt%] | IL-NIPU3 [g] | IL-NIPU3 [wt%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-CSBO | 30.00 | 78.43 | 30.00 | 76.34 | 30.00 | 74.35 |
Tegostab B8406 (surfactant) | 0.30 | 0.78 | 0.30 | 0.76 | 0.30 | 0.74 |
AZO/ZnO (blowing agent) | 1.95 | 5.10 | 3.00 | 7.63 | 4,05 | 10.04 |
DETA | 6.00 | 15.69 | 6.00 | 15.27 | 6.00 | 14.87 |
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Kiełkiewicz, D.; Siewniak, A.; Gaida, R.; Greif, M.; Chrobok, A. Ionic Liquid Catalysis in Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis for the Development of Soybean Oil-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foams. Molecules 2024, 29, 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163908
Kiełkiewicz D, Siewniak A, Gaida R, Greif M, Chrobok A. Ionic Liquid Catalysis in Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis for the Development of Soybean Oil-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foams. Molecules. 2024; 29(16):3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163908
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiełkiewicz, Damian, Agnieszka Siewniak, Rafał Gaida, Małgorzata Greif, and Anna Chrobok. 2024. "Ionic Liquid Catalysis in Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis for the Development of Soybean Oil-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foams" Molecules 29, no. 16: 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163908