β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin, a Natural Naphthoquinone, Inhibits the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Modulating Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Polarizing THP-1 Macrophages and Their Effects on HCC Cells
2.2. Screening DMAKN Concentrations Used in Macrophages
2.3. DMAKN-Induced M1 Macrophage Polarization Exhibits Anti-HCC Effects
2.4. DMAKN Enhances Anti-HCC Activity by Sensitizing M1 Macrophage Polarization
2.5. DMAKN Inhibits HCC Cell Viability by Suppressing M2 Macrophage Polarization
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. The Differentiation, Polarization, and Co-Culture of THP-1 Macrophages with HCC Cells
4.4. MTT Assay for Screening DMAKN Concentrations
4.5. Analysis of the Impact of Macrophages on HCC Cells
4.6. Reverse Transcriptase (RT)—Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name | GenBank Acc. No. | Primer Sequences (5′-3′) | Expected Size (bp) |
---|---|---|---|
CXCL10 | NM_001565.4 | Sense: CCACGTGTTGAGATCATTGCT | 152 |
Antisense: TGCATCGATTTTGCTCCCCT | |||
TNF-α | NM_000594.4 | Sense: AGCCCATGTTGTAGCAAACC | 260 |
Antisense: GGCTCTTGATGGCAGAGAGG | |||
iNOS | NM_000625.4 | Sense: GGCAAGCCCAAGGTCTATGT | 187 |
Antisense: CCTCGACCTGCTCCTCATTC | |||
IL-1β | NM_000576.3 | Sense: AACCTCTTCGAGGCACAAGG | 197 |
Antisense: GTCCTGGAAGGAGCACTTCAT | |||
FN1 | NM_001306129.2 | Sense: CCGCCGAATGTAGGACAAGA | 261 |
Antisense: GACAGAGTTGCCCACGGTAA | |||
CD36 | NM_000072.3 | Sense: GGTCCTTATACGTACAGAGTTCG | 164 |
Antisense: GCCACAGCCAGATTGAGAAC | |||
CD206 | NM_002438.4 | Sense: GTGATGGGACCCCTGTAACG | 111 |
Antisense: CTGCCCAGTACCCATCCTTG | |||
IL-10 | NM_000572.3 | Sense: AAGAAGGCATGCACAGCTCA | 249 |
Antisense: GGCAACCCAGGTAACCCTTA | |||
GAPDH | NM_014364.5 | Sense: TGTGGGCATCAATGGATTTGG | 116 |
Antisense: ACACCATGTATTCCGGGTCAAT |
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Shen, L.-S.; Lin, Z.; Gong, R.-H.; Lin, Y.-S.; Qiao, X.-F.; Hu, Q.-M.; Qin, W.-H.; Chen, S.; Yang, Y.; Chen, G.-Q. β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin, a Natural Naphthoquinone, Inhibits the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Modulating Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Molecules 2024, 29, 3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163919
Shen L-S, Lin Z, Gong R-H, Lin Y-S, Qiao X-F, Hu Q-M, Qin W-H, Chen S, Yang Y, Chen G-Q. β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin, a Natural Naphthoquinone, Inhibits the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Modulating Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Molecules. 2024; 29(16):3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163919
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Li-Sha, Zesi Lin, Rui-Hong Gong, Yu-Shan Lin, Xing-Fang Qiao, Qian-Mei Hu, Wei-Han Qin, Sibao Chen, Yong Yang, and Guo-Qing Chen. 2024. "β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin, a Natural Naphthoquinone, Inhibits the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Modulating Tumor-Associated Macrophages" Molecules 29, no. 16: 3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163919