Hydrogen Production from Methanol Steam Reforming over Fe-Modified Cu/CeO2 Catalysts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Optimisation of the Copper Catalyst Composition—Activity and Selectivity of Cu/CeO2 Catalysts in the SRM
2.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Elements in the Cu-Fe/CeO2 Catalysts
2.3. Specific Surface Area and Pore Size of Catalysts
2.4. Phase Composition and Average Crystallite Size
2.4.1. XRD
2.4.2. TEM
TEM Studies of Fresh Cu-Fe Catalysts
TEM and STEM-EDS Studies of Reduced Catalysts
2.5. H2-TPR Studies
2.6. Activity, Selectivity and Stability of Cu-Fe/CeO2 Catalysts Reduced at 260/400 °C during an Isothermal Test at 260 °C in the SRM
2.7. TEM Studies of Cu-Fe Catalysts after Reaction
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Catalyst Preparation
3.2. Catalyst Characterisation
3.2.1. Low-Temperature Adsorption of Nitrogen
3.2.2. XRF Measurements
3.2.3. XRD Measurements
3.2.4. H2-TPR Measurements
3.2.5. TEM Measurements
3.2.6. Catalytic Activity Measurement
- —the molar concentration of methanol in the reaction mixture, mol%;
- —the molar concentration of methanol in the post-reaction mixture, mol%.
- —the molar concentration of carbon-containing products in the post-reaction mixture, mol%;
- —the number of carbon atoms in the molecules of the post-reaction carbon products.
- —the molar concentration of the hydrogen in the post-reaction mixture, mol%.
- GMe—the initialmolar flow rateof methanol (mol/h);
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | Metal Content (wt.%) 1 | Surface Area [m2/g] 2 | Pore Size [nm] 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | Fe | |||
CeO2 | - | - | 63.9 | 15.4 |
30Cu/CeO2 | 31.0 | - | 44.3 | 14.0 |
20Cu-10Fe/CeO2 | 20.6 | 8.9 | 53.4 | 11.8 |
15Cu-15Fe/CeO2 | 16.5 | 14.3 | 51.5 | 13.1 |
10Cu-20Fe/CeO2 | 11.6 | 21.1 | 65.1 | 10.9 |
Form | Phase | Catalyst | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
30Cu/CeO2 | 20Cu-10Fe/CeO2 | 10Cu-20Fe/CeO2 | ||
Crystallite Size [nm] | ||||
Fresh | CuO | 6.16–9.73 | 5.52–8.31 | 7.86 |
Fe2O3 | - | 6.85 | 8.52 | |
Fe3O4/CuFe2O4 | - | 6.57 | 8.15 | |
Reduced at 260 °C | Cu2O | 5.82–6.85 | 3.41–4.42 | 6.45 |
CuO | - | 4.22–6.95 | 4.07–4.67 | |
Fe3O4/CuFe2O4 | - | 5.75–6.56 | 6.26–14.12 | |
Reduced at 400 °C | Cu2O | 13.86–14.94 | 4.13 | 7.14 |
CuO | - | 5.08–6.64 | 4.95–5.83 | |
Fe3O4/CuFe2O4 | - | 4.18–7.81 | 8.01–15.09 | |
After reaction reduced at 260 °C | CuO | 5.00–8.02 | 7.03–8.78 | 7.01 |
Fe3O4/CuFe2O4 | - | 5.26–7.45 | 7.28–11.23 | |
After reaction reduced at 400 °C | CuO | 11.61 | 4.95–8.38 | 5.26–5.78 |
Fe3O4/CuFe2O4 | - | 7.57–9.59 | 9.65–15.98 |
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Słowik, G.; Rotko, M.; Ryczkowski, J.; Greluk, M. Hydrogen Production from Methanol Steam Reforming over Fe-Modified Cu/CeO2 Catalysts. Molecules 2024, 29, 3963. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163963
Słowik G, Rotko M, Ryczkowski J, Greluk M. Hydrogen Production from Methanol Steam Reforming over Fe-Modified Cu/CeO2 Catalysts. Molecules. 2024; 29(16):3963. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163963
Chicago/Turabian StyleSłowik, Grzegorz, Marek Rotko, Janusz Ryczkowski, and Magdalena Greluk. 2024. "Hydrogen Production from Methanol Steam Reforming over Fe-Modified Cu/CeO2 Catalysts" Molecules 29, no. 16: 3963. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163963