Effects of Differently Processed Tea on the Gut Microbiota
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Tea
2.1. Bioactive Compounds in Tea
2.2. Biological Transformation and Utilization of Tea Polyphenols and Polysaccharides
3. Human Gut Microbiota
3.1. Diversity of Intestinal Flora
3.2. Effect of Tea Polyphenols and Polysaccharides on Intestinal Microbiota
3.3. Metabolic Influence of the Gut Microbiota
4. Interaction of Tea Polyphenols with the Gut Microbiota
4.1. Literature Search Method
4.1.1. Search Strategy
4.1.2. Data Collection and Sorting
4.1.3. Eligibility Criteria
4.1.4. Data Extraction
4.1.5. Data Measures and Analysis
4.2. Rodent Feeding Trials
Tea Type | Reference | Subjects | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|
Green Tea | [102] | Female ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (six months old, Harlan Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN) | 0.5%, or 1.5% of (g/mL) green tea polyphenol extracts (decaffeinated) each day |
[106] | Specific pathogen-free C57BL/6J mice | 0.05%, 0.2% and 0.8% (w/w) green tea polyphenols (commercial), added to the drinking water each day | |
[127] | C57BL/6J mice | Decaffeinated 0.25% (g/g) Green tea polyphenol (ethanol extracts) added in diet every day | |
[105] | Seven-week-old male C57/BL6 mice | 400 mg/kg green tea extracts (50% ethanol extracts dissolved in water) every day | |
[136] | Five-week-old female db/db and wild-type mice | AIN-93M diet with 1% and 2% (w/w) dried green tea water extracts and green tea leaf powder (pulverized tea leaves) every day | |
[137] | Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 50; 5 weeks old) | 2% (w/w) purified green tea extracts, 0.3% (w/w) EGCG (HF + EGCG), or 0.3% (w/w) CAT (HF + CAT)) every day | |
[138] | Female albino hairless mice (Skh:HR-1, 6–8 weeks old) | 1% (w/w) green tea extracts (commercial) in diet each day | |
[139] | C57BL/6 female mice (20 ± 2 g, 7–8 weeks) | 5 mg green tea water extract powder/kg bodyweight each day | |
[140] | Germ-free C57BL/6J mice (6 weeks old) | 0.1% (w/w) Green Tea Polyphenols (water extracts) each day | |
Oolong Tea | [114] | Young adult (6-week-old) male C57BL/6J mice | 0.1% (w/w) purified Oolong Tea Polyphenols (water extracts) each day |
[115] | young adult (6-week-old) male C57BL/6J mice | 2% (w/v) purified Oolong tea polyphenols (water extracts) each day | |
[121] | The 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice | 200 mg/kg body weight Black tea powder (water extracts, concentrated, and dried) each day | |
[112] | Sterile male mice C57BL/6J | 0.1% (w/w) Oolong tea polyphenols (water extracts) each day | |
[110] | Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (6–8 weeks old, 23 ± 2 g) | 200 mg/kg body weight oolong tea polyphenols (purified) each day | |
[116] | 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice | 0.1% (w/w) oolong tea ground powder and purified EGCG3″Me each day | |
[118] | 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice | 0.1% w/w purified oolong tea polyphenols (water extracts) each day | |
[117] | 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice | 0.1% (w/w) oolong tea ground powder and purified EGCG3″Me each day | |
[119] | Twenty-four 8-week-old cleaning Wistar male rats | 500 mg/kg oolong tea water extract added to drinking water each day | |
[120] | Seventy-two male specific-pathogen-free grade Kunming mice, with a weight of 35–40 g at 6 weeks of age | 800 mg/kg·d oolong tea water extract, administered by gavage once a day for two consecutive weeks | |
Black Tea | [126] | ICR mice, aged 8 weeks and weighing 22 ± 2 g (32M and 32F) | 25 mg/mL black tea water brewed each day |
[121] | The 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice | 200 mg/kg b.w. black tea extract powder (dried water extracts) each day | |
[19] | The 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice | 200 mg/kg b.w. black tea extract powder (dried water extracts) | |
[125] | 6-week C57BL/6J male mice | 760 mg/Kg. Average energy intake. Purified black tea water extracts | |
[127] | 48 male C57BL/6J mice at 6–7 weeks of age (body weight: 16–18 g) | 320 mg/kg body weight ethanol-water black tea extracts each day | |
[124] | 48 C57BL/6 mice (male, 6 weeks) | 2.0% black tea ground powder [w/w] each day | |
[123] | Male SD rats (6 weeks of age, n = 14) | 1.5 g/kg body weight black tea powder (suspended in distilled water) per day | |
[120] | Seventy-two male specific-pathogen-free grade Kunming mice, with a weight of 35–40 g at 6 weeks of age | 800 mg/kg·d black tea water extracts (freeze-dried powder) | |
[122] | Four-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 21) | 10 g/kg Black tea extracts (ethanol-aqueous freeze-dried powder) each day | |
[128] | Eight-week-old male ICR mice weighing 35–40 g | 50 mg kg/1 Black tea theaflavins (commercial) every day | |
Pu-erh tea | [133] | 3-week-old C57BL/6J male mice | 3 mg/mL instant Pu-erh tea (PT) water infusion (450 mg/kg/day) |
[131] | 8-week-old male C57BL/6N mice | 0.4% and 1% (w/v) Ripened Pu-erh tea water extracts each day | |
[132] | Male Wistar rats fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFSD) to induce obesity | 0.15-g/kg and 0.4-g/kg body weight PTE (aqueous extracts) each day | |
[141] | Male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 180–220 g) | Pu-erh tea water extracts 0.16 g/mL, 15 mL/kg/day | |
[129] | 42 male C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks of age, body weight 20.4 ± 1.0 g) | 600 mg/kg/d and 300 mg/kg/d raw or ripened Pu-erh tea water extracts | |
[135] | Six-week-old C57BL/6J male mice | Daily doses of 750 mg/kg of body weight Pu-erh tea (aqueous extraction) each day | |
[134] | Female C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old; 17–20 g) | 3%, 6% and 9% (w/w) Ripened Pu-erh tea water extracts each day | |
[142] | 24 mice (12 males and 12 females) | 0.15 mL Pu-erh tea water extract each day | |
[130] | Fifty C57BL/6J male mice | 400 mg/kg raw Pu-erh tea theabrownin (R-TB) or ripened Pu-erh tea theabrownin (F-TB) (purified) each day | |
[143] | male C57BL/6J mice | 0.25% (w/v) Pu-erh tea (water extracts, freeze-dried powder) each day | |
[144] | Pathogen-free C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks of age, weighing 20 ± 2 g) | 0.1 or 0.4% (1 or 4 g/L, w/v) Pu-erh tea freeze-dried water extracts each day |
4.3. Human Fecal Fermentation
Tea Type | Reference | Subjects | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|
Green Tea | [145] | Fresh fecal samples were donated by three adults with metabolic syndrome (two males and one female) | 2% (w/v) GTE freeze-dried powder each day |
[146] | Human Colon Microbiota (from human fecal samples of two healthy volunteers) | 0.67 mg/mL GTE freeze-dried powder (boiling water extracts) each day | |
[147] | Fresh fecal collected from five healthy adults who had not received antibiotics or pre/probiotics in the preceding 3 months | 1% (w/v) freeze-dried Laphet (fermented green tea) ground powder each day | |
[148] | Gut microbiota culture (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia) | 0.5 mg/mL GTE dried green tea powder (70% ethanol extracts) each day | |
[146] | Fecal materials from four healthy volunteers (three males and one female, 24–38 years) | 0.1 mmol/L catechin (EC, ECG, EGC, and EGCG) (purified) each day | |
[155] | Fecal from ten healthy adult volunteers (six women and four men) aged between 33 and 70 years (average, 47 years) | Participants drank 1000 mL of green tea brew each day | |
[150] | Fecal samples were obtained from 6 healthy volunteers (3 females and 3 males, aged 25–30 years) without recent antibiotic treatment or gastrointestinal disease | 1% (w/v) freeze-dried green tea polyphenols (purified) each day | |
Oolong Tea | [150] | Fecal samples were obtained from 6 healthy volunteers (3 females and 3 males, aged 25–30 years) without recent antibiotic treatment or gastrointestinal disease | 1% (w/v) freeze-dried oolong tea polyphenols (purified) |
[69] | Fecal samples were obtained from three healthy volunteers (one female and two males, ages 25–30) | 100 mg/L oolong tea EGCG, GCG, EGCG3”Me (purified) each day | |
Black Tea | [150] | Fecal samples were obtained from 6 healthy volunteers (3 females and 3 males, aged 25–30 years) without recent antibiotic treatment or gastrointestinal disease | 1% (w/v) freeze-dried black tea polyphenols (purified) each day |
[152] | Two healthy volunteers (one male and one female, aged 22–28 years) who had never had gastrointestinal disease and had not taken antibiotics in the past 3 months | 2% (w/v) black tea polyphenols (70% ethanol extracts) each day | |
[151] | Identical fecal sample from a healthy human volunteer | 1000 mg black tea polyphenols each day | |
[153] | Fresh human feces were collected from 8 healthy Chinese volunteers (18–24 years old; 4 males and 4 females) | 0.1 mg/mL black tea theaflavins (purified) each day |
4.4. Human Feeding Trials
Tea Type | Reference | Subjects | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|
Green Tea | [157] | Fecal samples from adult volunteers aged between 27 and 46 years. (Healthy, normal weight (BMI 18–24 kg m2), or overweight/obese (BMI > 24 kg m2) | 400 g 7.5 g-Tea/L-Water green tea liquid each day |
[163] | 58 Healthy Caucasians aged 18–50 years, either normal weight (BMI 18–25 kg/m2) or overweight/obese (BMI > 25 kg/m2), non-smokers, weight stable, and not on certain medications or specific medical conditions Clinical trial ID: NCT01556321 | GTE capsules (>0.56 g/day EGCG + 0.28 ∼ 0.45 g/day caffeine) | |
[164] | 187 healthy postmenopausal women aged 50–60 years from the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area with a body mass index (BMI) between 19.3 and 36 kg/m2 and stable weight were enrolled | GTE Catechin Complex (Corban Complex GTB; Investigational New Drug #103,431) Intake: 1315 ± 115.0 mg catechins, including 843.0 ± 44.0 mg EGCG (capsules) each day | |
[104] | A total of 85 participants (65.9% male; mean age: 43.3 years) without T2DM were included | The mean (SD) intakes of total green tea were 443 (417) mL/day, respectively. The median intakes of catechins and EGCG were 67.8 (23.2–150.1) and 9.5 (0.9–26.9) mg/day (green tea brew) | |
[159] | 20 individuals with MetS and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy persons. Clinical trial ID: NCT03973996 | GTE (1g containing 890 mg of total catechins) confections each day | |
Black Tea | [162] | Fecal from 72 Healthy males or females between 20 and 59 years of age. Clinical trial ID: UMIN000038168 | 3 cups of Black tea brew (polymerized polyphenols, 76.2 mg) each day |
[161] | Fecal samples from a human volunteer | 1 cup of black tea brew (made from dry tea powder) each day (There is no prescribed time or dosage for drinking black tea) | |
Oolong Tea | [160] | Fecal samples were obtained from 28 healthy adults, ranging in age from 20 to 50 years, whose weight had been stable for at least 3 years. Clinical trial ID: NKUIRB2022085 | 500 mL 5 mg/mL oolong tea water brew (Total phenolic content: 636.17 ± 8.54 μg GAE/mL) each day |
Pu-erh tea | [165] | Thirteen healthy male volunteers, 24–32 years | 300 mL Pu-erh tea brew (powder) (50 mg/kg) each day |
5. Comparison among Different Teas in the Same Study
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhao, Z.; Chen, R.; Ng, K. Effects of Differently Processed Tea on the Gut Microbiota. Molecules 2024, 29, 4020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174020
Zhao Z, Chen R, Ng K. Effects of Differently Processed Tea on the Gut Microbiota. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174020
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Zimo, Ruofan Chen, and Ken Ng. 2024. "Effects of Differently Processed Tea on the Gut Microbiota" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174020