Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B Dyes’ Efficient Removal Using Biocarbons Developed from Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterisation of the Biocarbons
2.2. Adsorption Study
2.3. Desorption Study
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of Biocarbons
3.3. Characterisation
3.4. Adsorption Experiments
3.5. Desorption Experiments
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biocarbon | Surface Area (m2/g) * | Micropore Area (m2/g) | Total Pore Volume (cm3/g) | Micropore Volume (cm3/g) | Average Pore Diameter (nm) | Iodine Number (mg/g) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D8 | 450 | 221 | 0.38 | 0.09 | 3.36 | 440 | |
P5D8 | 384 | 274 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 2.57 | 328 | |
carbon from pistachio nut shell | 877 | 841 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 2.92 | - | [21] |
carbon from hay | 258 | 242 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 2.7 | 402 | [29] |
carbon from walnut shell | 401 | 361 | 0.27 | 0.20 | 2.67 | - | [30] |
Biocarbon | Acidic Groups (mmol/g) * | Basic Groups (mmol/g) * | pHpzc * |
---|---|---|---|
D8 | 0.48 | 1.06 | 9.8 |
P5D8 | 0.46 | 0.67 | 8.1 |
Sample | Cdaf | Hdaf | Ndaf | Sdaf | Odaf * | Ash |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precursor | 42.13 | 7.17 | 0.54 | 0.16 | 50.00 | 0.1 |
D8 | 88.60 | 0.25 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 9.42 | 3.9 |
P5A8 | 92.11 | 0.28 | 0.78 | 0.51 | 6.32 | 3.2 |
Isotherms | Parameters | Methylene Blue | Rhodamine B | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
D8 | P5D8 | D8 | P5D8 | ||
qe (mg/g) | 84 | 14 | 47 | 4 | |
Langmuir | R2 | 0.999 | 0.996 | 0.999 | 0.979 |
Adj R2 | 0.999 | 0.995 | 0.999 | 0.973 | |
qmax | 85 | 15 | 48 | 5 | |
KL (L/mg) | 0.007 | 0.089 | 0.003 | 0.133 | |
Freundlich | R2 | 0.815 | 0.897 | 0.801 | 0.935 |
Adj R2 | 0.778 | 0.871 | 0.801 | 0.926 | |
KF (mg/g(L/mg)1/n) | 41.869 | 4.449 | 28.836 | 1.479 | |
1/n | 0.293 | 0.327 | 0.242 | 0.299 | |
Temkin | R2 | 0.892 | 0.933 | 0.918 | 0.945 |
Adj R2 | 0.871 | 0.917 | 0.897 | 0.932 | |
B (J/mol) | 12.165 | 3.0337 | 5.687 | 0.854 | |
AT (L/mg) | 72.852 | 2.764 | 45.708 | 3.774 | |
Dubinin-Radushkevich | R2 | 0.928 | 0.944 | 0.940 | 0.777 |
Adj R2 | 0.914 | 0.930 | 0.936 | 0.720 | |
qmax (mg/g) | 73.920 | 13.027 | 48.913 | 3.573 | |
E (kJ/mol) | 3.622 | 5.623 | 5.263 | 8.559 |
Adsorbent/Precursor | Adsorbat | Maximum Adsorption Capacity [mg/g] | References |
---|---|---|---|
green tea (leaves) | methylene blue | 85 | [20] |
walnut shell | 68.9 | [30] | |
wheat bran | 255.01 | [32] | |
rattan sawdust | 294.14 | [33] | |
D5 | 85 | This study | |
P5D8 | 15 | This study | |
kaolinite | rhodamine B | 46.08 | [34] |
rice straw | 73.47 | [35] | |
bagasse pith | 263.85 | [36] | |
D8 | 48 | This study | |
P5D8 | 5 | This study |
Model | Parameters | Methylene Blue | Rhodamine B | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
D8 | P5D8 | D8 | P5D8 | ||
qt (mg/g) | 72 | 14 | 45 | 4 | |
pseudo-first-order | qe,cal (mg/g) | 48 | 5 | 29 | 5 |
R2 | 0.725 | 0.597 | 0.796 | 0.597 | |
AdjR2 | 0.686 | 0.539 | 0.767 | 0.539 | |
k1 (1/min) | 2.764 × 10−3 | 3.984 × 10−3 | 7.047 × 10−3 | 3.984 × 10−3 | |
pseudo-second-order | qe,cal (mg/g) | 58 | 13 | 48 | 3 |
R2 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.994 | 0.999 | |
AdjR2 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.994 | 0.999 | |
k2 (g/mg × min) | 7.530 × 10−4 | 1.001 × 10−2 | 4.930 × 10−4 | 3.948 × 10−2 | |
intraparticle diffusion model | C (mg/g) | 12.95 | 5.72 | 5.36 | 1.37 |
R2 | 0.801 | 0.595 | 0.816 | 0.583 | |
AdjR2 | 0.772 | 0.539 | 0.788 | 0.523 | |
kIPD (mg/g × min)1/2 | 2.435 | 0.410 | 2.194 | 0.087 |
Biocarbon | Dye | qe (mg/g) | Temperature (K) | ∆G0 (kJ/mol) | ∆H0 (kJ/mol) | ∆S0 (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D8 | methylene blue | 67 | 298 | −8.0 | 62.6 | 235.3 |
69 | 308 | −9.5 | ||||
71 | 318 | −11.3 | ||||
72 | 328 | −15.3 | ||||
P5D8 | 11 | 298 | −1.3 | 10.3 | 27.7 | |
12 | 308 | −1.4 | ||||
14 | 318 | −1.9 | ||||
15 | 328 | −2.0 | ||||
D8 | rhodamine B | 42 | 298 | −4.1 | 10.7 | 49.8 |
45 | 308 | −4.8 | ||||
45 | 318 | −5.2 | ||||
47 | 328 | −5.6 | ||||
P5D8 | 4 | 298 | −4.2 | 9.1 | 13.9 | |
4 | 308 | −4.6 | ||||
4 | 318 | −4.7 | ||||
5 | 328 | −4.8 |
Sample | Dye | HCl | H2O | NaOH |
---|---|---|---|---|
D8 | methylene blue | 79 | 61 | 33 |
rhodamine B | 76 | 55 | 23 |
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Wolski, R.; Bazan-Wozniak, A.; Nosal-Wiercińska, A.; Pietrzak, R. Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B Dyes’ Efficient Removal Using Biocarbons Developed from Waste. Molecules 2024, 29, 4022. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174022
Wolski R, Bazan-Wozniak A, Nosal-Wiercińska A, Pietrzak R. Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B Dyes’ Efficient Removal Using Biocarbons Developed from Waste. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4022. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174022
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolski, Robert, Aleksandra Bazan-Wozniak, Agnieszka Nosal-Wiercińska, and Robert Pietrzak. 2024. "Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B Dyes’ Efficient Removal Using Biocarbons Developed from Waste" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4022. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174022