Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres in Active Compound Separation from Natural Product
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis and Application of Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres (MIMs) from Natural Product
3. Radical Polymerization-Based Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres
3.1. Controlled/Living Radical Precipitation Polymerization (CRPP)
3.1.1. Atom Transfer Radical Precipitation Polymerization (ATRPP)
3.1.2. Iniferter-Induced “Living” Radical Precipitation Polymerization (ILRPP)
3.1.3. Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer Precipitation Polymerization (RAFTPP)
3.2. Suspension Polymerization
3.3. Precipitation Polymerization
3.4. Pickering Emulsion Polymerization
4. Factors That Affect the Performance of Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres (MIMs)
4.1. Functional Monomers
4.2. Type of Crosslinker
4.3. Initiator
4.4. Temperature
4.5. Stirring Speed
4.6. Particle Size
4.7. pH
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MIPs | MIMs | Ref. |
---|---|---|
MIPs are crosslinked polymer networks with specific recognition sites designed to bind to a target molecule. | MIMs are smaller spherical particles with selective binding sites for specific target molecules. | [44,57,93,101,102,103] |
They are typically in the form of bulk materials or thin films. | Microspheres are often used in applications where size and shape are necessary, such as drug delivery systems or bioseparation processes. | |
Microspheres have a more uniform size distribution compared to bulk MIPs. | ||
These polymers are usually synthesized in bulk and ground into small particles for various applications. | These microspheres are synthesized using techniques such as suspension polymerization or emulsion polymerization. | |
MIPs can be used in chromatography, sensors, drug delivery, and separation processes. | Microspheres are advantageous in applications where precise control over the size and shape of the imprinted material is crucial. | |
The particle distribution in MIPs is often varied, which can lead to clumping and other issues. | Particle distribution in MIMs occurs evenly so that they have a uniform size, which ranges from 0.1 to 100 μm, depending on the MIM method used. |
Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|
MIMs exhibit consistent particle distribution and size, enabling stable performance, high affinity, and reproducibility. This uniformity also impacts applications such as chromatography and drug delivery. | MIM synthesis can be more complex and requires precise control over polymerization conditions. | [44,91,103,106,107,108,109] |
MIMs provide high specificity for target molecules due to more uniform and accessible binding sites, enhancing recognition and effective binding. | MIM production in more advanced methods such as CRRP tends to require higher costs and more sophisticated techniques. | |
MIMs are more stable and less prone to degradation over time. | Non-specific interactions may occur due to the uniform structure, potentially interfering with the specific binding of target molecules. | |
The surface area of MIMs can be predicted and optimized for specific applications. Controlling this surface area is crucial for reactions and interactions occurring on the polymer surface. | Although MIMs are reusable, their performance may degrade over several cycles, requiring careful regeneration and optimization. | |
The uniform microsphere structure allows for better control over the creation and accessibility of binding sites, which is essential for achieving high selectivity and specificity in molecular recognition. | Although uniform MIMs offer better control over binding sites, microspheres may still have limited accessibility for certain target molecules, especially if the binding sites are deeply embedded in the polymer matrix. |
Natural Product | Sample | Analyte | Monomer; Crosslinker; Initiator; Template | Yield/Purity (Y%/P%) And Adsorption Capacity (AC) | % Recovery | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyphenol | Emblica officinalis | Gallic acid | Acrylic acid (AA); EGDMA; AIBN; gallic acid | P: 75–83% AC: N/A | 96–98% | [126] |
Salvia officinalis | Salvia Officinalis Rosmarinic acid | Methacrylic acid (MAA); EGDMA; AIBN; rosmarinic acid | P: N/A AC: N/A | 77.80% | [125] |
Natural Product | Sample | Analyte | Monomer; Crosslinker; Initiator; Template | Yield/Purity (Y%/P%) And Adsorption Capacity (AC) | % Recovery | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aristolochic acids | Aristolochia manshuriensis | Aristolochic acid I (AAI) | Acrylic; EGDMA; AIBN; aristolochic acid I | P: N/A AC: 2.72 mg/g | 91.50% | [148] |
Natural Product | Sample | Analyte | Monomer; Crosslinker; Initiator; Template | Yield/Purity (Y%/P%) And Adsorption Capacity (AC) | % Recovery | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alkaloid | Sophora flavescens Root | Quinolizidine alkaloids | Acrylamide 1.0 mmol; EGDMA 4.0 mmol; AIBN 0.3 mmol; oxymatrine 0.2 mmol | Y: 80.21–89.15% and 85.33–95.28% AC: 110.8(oxymatrine) and 63.4 mg/g (matrine) | Oxymatrine (80.21–89.15%) and matrine (85.33–95.28%) | [157] |
Ginsenoside | American ginseng | Ginsenoside Rb1 | Methyl methacrylate and 4-vinylphenyl boronic pinacol ester (4-VBPE); EGDMA; 2,2′-Azobis (2,4-dimethyl) valeronitrile (ABVN); ginsenoside Rb1 | Y: N/A AC: 81.45 μmol/g | 92.39% | [158] |
Flavonoid | Rhododendron species | Farrerol, taxifoli, kaempferol, hyperin | 4-Vinylpyridine 4.0 mmol; EGDMA 20 mmol; AIBN 0.1 mmol; farrerol 0.1 mmol | Y: N/A AC: 10.04–20.66 mg/g | Farrerol (80.12–105.46%, taxifolin (82.02–95.41%), kaempferol (75.08–89.05%), hyperin (64.04–78.03%) | [159] |
Flavonoid | Larix griffithiana | Dihydro-quercetin | 4-Viniylpyridine 0.065 mmol; EGDMA 0.41 mmol; AIBN 0.15 mmol; dihydroquercetin 0.016 mmol | Y: N/A AC: 77.72 mg/g | 74.64–101.80% | [160] |
Polyphenol | Homalomena occulta, Cynomorium songaricum | Protocatechuic acid (PA) | Acrylamide 5.0 mmol; EGDMA 30.0 mmol; AIBN 0.6 mmol; PA 1.0 mmol | Y: 86.3–122% AC: N/A | 86.3–102.2% | [40] |
Natural Product | Sample | Analyte | Monomer; Crosslinker; Initiator; Template | Yield/Purity (Y%/P%) And Adsorption Capacity (AC) | % Recovery | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyphenol | Salvia officinalis | Rosmarinic acid | Methacrylic acid (MAA); EGDMA; AIBN; rosmarinic acid | P: N/A AC: N/A | 77.80% | [125] |
Bioflavonoid | Camellia oleifera | Proanthocyanidin | Acrylamide; TRIM; AIBN; proanthocyanidin | P: 70.95%, Y: 83.25% AC: 76 mg/g | 10.34 ± 2.11% and 85.24 ± 3.05% | [167] |
Flavonoid | Rhododendron species | Rutin | Methacrylic acid 4.0 mmol; EGDMA 25.0 mmol; AIBN 1.0 mmol; rutin 0.5 mmol | P: N/A AC: 2.43 mg/g | 105.98% | [168] |
Glycoside | Chinese patent medicines | Rhaponticin | Acrylamide 6.0 mmol; EGDMA 30.0 mmol; AIBN 0.6 mmol; rhaponticin 1.0 mmol | Y: 77.82–91.00% AC: N/A | 77.82–91.00% | [169] |
Polyphenol | Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) | Chlorogenic acid | Methacrylic acid 3.0 mmol; TRIM 5.0 mmol; AIBN 0.15 mmol; chlorogenic acid 0.25 mmol | P: N/A AC: 14.3–23.67 µmol/g | 78.85% | [170] |
Natural Product | Sample | Analyte | Monomer; Crosslinker; Initiator; Template | Yield/Purity (Y%/P%) And Adsorption Capacity (AC) | %Recovery | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavonoid | Spina gledittsiae | Quercetin | 4-VP; divinylbenzene (DVB); AIBN; quercetin | P: N/A AC: 521 µg/g | N/A | [183] |
Steroid | Steroid | 17-β-estradiol | MAA; EGDMA; AIBN; 17-β-estradiol | P: N/A AC: N/A | N/A | [184] |
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Ahadi, H.M.; Fardhan, F.M.; Rahayu, D.; Pratiwi, R.; Hasanah, A.N. Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres in Active Compound Separation from Natural Product. Molecules 2024, 29, 4043. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174043
Ahadi HM, Fardhan FM, Rahayu D, Pratiwi R, Hasanah AN. Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres in Active Compound Separation from Natural Product. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4043. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174043
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhadi, Husna Muharram, Firghi Muhammad Fardhan, Driyanti Rahayu, Rimadani Pratiwi, and Aliya Nur Hasanah. 2024. "Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres in Active Compound Separation from Natural Product" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4043. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174043