Author Contributions
Conceptualization, M.K. (Magdalena Kręcisz); methodology, M.K. (Magdalena Kręcisz) and M.K. (Marta Klemens), A.L. and B.S.; validation, M.K. (Magdalena Kręcisz) and M.K. (Marta Klemens); investigation, M.K. (Magdalena Kręcisz) and M.K. (Marta Klemens); writing—original draft preparation, M.K. (Magdalena Kręcisz) and M.K. (Marta Klemens); writing—review and editing, M.K. (Magdalena Kręcisz); visualization, M.K. (Magdalena Kręcisz) and M.K. (Marta Klemens); supervision, M.K. (Magdalena Kręcisz); project administration, M.K. (Magdalena Kręcisz);. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
HCA result analysis of celery and celery with beetroot juice. Celery (C), celery after vacuum impregnation with beetroot juice (CB), control (F), material after freeze drying (FD), vacuum (VD) and convection drying at a temperature of 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Figure 1.
HCA result analysis of celery and celery with beetroot juice. Celery (C), celery after vacuum impregnation with beetroot juice (CB), control (F), material after freeze drying (FD), vacuum (VD) and convection drying at a temperature of 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Figure 2.
Celery (C); drying kinetics for convective drying at 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70). MR—moisture ratio.
Figure 2.
Celery (C); drying kinetics for convective drying at 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70). MR—moisture ratio.
Figure 3.
Celery after VI with beetroot juice (CB); drying kinetics for convective drying at 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70). MR—moisture ratio.
Figure 3.
Celery after VI with beetroot juice (CB); drying kinetics for convective drying at 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70). MR—moisture ratio.
Figure 4.
Changes in water content (WC) for celery (C) with drying time for convective drying at 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Figure 4.
Changes in water content (WC) for celery (C) with drying time for convective drying at 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Figure 5.
Changes in water content (WC) for celery after VI with beetroot juice (CB) with drying time for convective drying at 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Figure 5.
Changes in water content (WC) for celery after VI with beetroot juice (CB) with drying time for convective drying at 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Figure 6.
Celery (C), celery after vacuum impregnation with beetroot juice (CB), control (F), material after freeze drying (FD), vacuum (VD) and convection drying at a temperature of 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Figure 6.
Celery (C), celery after vacuum impregnation with beetroot juice (CB), control (F), material after freeze drying (FD), vacuum (VD) and convection drying at a temperature of 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Figure 7.
Correlation matrix for selected celery parameters. VI: vacuum impregnation; DR: drying methods; DM: dry matter; AW: water activity; C: color; BD: bulk density; Hex: 1-Hexanol; L: Limonene; Hept: 1-Heptanol; Dec: Decane; UN: unknown sesquiterpene or sesquiterpenoid; TER: γ-Terpinene; P: β-Pinene.
Figure 7.
Correlation matrix for selected celery parameters. VI: vacuum impregnation; DR: drying methods; DM: dry matter; AW: water activity; C: color; BD: bulk density; Hex: 1-Hexanol; L: Limonene; Hept: 1-Heptanol; Dec: Decane; UN: unknown sesquiterpene or sesquiterpenoid; TER: γ-Terpinene; P: β-Pinene.
Figure 8.
PCA analysis of dried selery.
Figure 8.
PCA analysis of dried selery.
Figure 9.
The celery objects in space of first two major components by PCA (principal component analysis).
Figure 9.
The celery objects in space of first two major components by PCA (principal component analysis).
Figure 10.
Schematic of the vacuum impregnation apparatus. 1—vacuum pump, 2,4—valves, 3—vacuum gauge, 5—lid, 6—vacuum chamber, 7—impregnation liquid.
Figure 10.
Schematic of the vacuum impregnation apparatus. 1—vacuum pump, 2,4—valves, 3—vacuum gauge, 5—lid, 6—vacuum chamber, 7—impregnation liquid.
Table 1.
HS-SPME Arrow VOCs profile for fresh celery. Celery (C) after freeze drying (FD), vacuum (VD) and convection drying at a temperature of 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Table 1.
HS-SPME Arrow VOCs profile for fresh celery. Celery (C) after freeze drying (FD), vacuum (VD) and convection drying at a temperature of 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Compounds | LRI Exp 1 | LRI Lit 2 | Match 3 | C | C VD | C CD50 | C CD60 | C CD70 | C FD |
---|
Hexanal | 800 | 806 | 97 | 0.44 ± 0.13 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.48 ± 0.12 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.01 |
1-Hexanol | 864 | 860 | 91 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.95 ± 0.05 |
Nonane | 899 | 900 | 97 | 2.99 ± 0.32 | 3.62 ± 0.31 | 4.00 ± 0.32 | 3.58 ± 1.09 | 4.94 ± 0.06 | 1.37 ± 0.41 |
Butyrolactone | 912 | 941 | 92 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.44 ± 0.10 | 0.03 ± 0.02 |
α-Pinene | 933 | 933 | 94 | 0.44 ± 0.06 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 |
1-Heptanol | 967 | 970 | 90 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.05 |
β-Pinene | 976 | 978 | 99 | 11.78 ± 2.12 | 9.94 ± 0.57 | 5.87 ± 0.09 | 5.51 ± 0.68 | 9.45 ± 0.18 | 2.39 ± 0.35 |
Myrcene | 990 | 991 | 98 | 3.77 ± 0.49 | 3.44 ± 0.10 | 2.68 ± 0.16 | 2.37 ± 0.01 | 5.37 ± 0.58 | 0.92 ± 0.13 |
Decane | 999 | 1000 | 95 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.39 ± 0.18 | 0.55 ± 0.14 | 2.75 ± 1.46 |
Octanal | 1002 | 1005 | 95 | 1.80 ± 0.21 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.06 |
p-Cymen | 1024 | 1025 | 98 | 5.55 ± 1.32 | 2.03 ± 0.09 | 1.44 ± 0.03 | 1.53 ± 0.16 | 1.40 ± 0.13 | 1.05 ± 0.11 |
Limonene | 1028 | 1030 | 98 | 43.91 ± 3.09 | 32.56 ± 0.60 | 32.91 ± 0.45 | 27.35 ± 0.01 | 46.38 ± 0.49 | 9.80 ± 1.49 |
β-(E)-Ocimene | 1036 | 1046 | 95 | 6.61 ± 1.01 | 9.02 ± 0.40 | 5.62 ± 0.02 | 6.23 ± 0.40 | 9.36 ± 0.58 | 2.26 ± 0.38 |
γ-Terpinene | 1058 | 1058 | 97 | 3.64 ± 0.66 | 4.09 ± 0.24 | 2.48 ± 0.12 | 2.43 ± 0.28 | 3.69 ± 0.23 | 0.96 ± 0.14 |
1-Octanol | 1069 | 1076 | 91 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.76 ± 0.07 |
Undecane | 1098 | 1100 | 94 | 0.23 ± 0.12 | 0.50 ± 0.12 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.63 ± 0.11 |
Pentyl cyclohexa-1,3-diene | 1157 | 1160 | 92 | 5.72 ± 0.86 | 8.69 ± 0.02 | 19.64 ± 1.17 | 28.51 ± 1.08 | 6.47 ± 0.44 | 2.38 ± 0.10 |
α-Thujene | 1198 | 1200 | 96 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.52 ± 0.26 | 1.14 ± 0.01 | 1.26 ± 0.11 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.21 ± 0.03 |
Dodecane | 1262 | | 97 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 8.08 ± 0.06 | 3.23 ± 0.54 | 2.78 ± 0.03 | 3.41 ± 0.18 | 31.98 ± 1.51 |
2-Methyldodecane | 1262 | 1249 | 92 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 1.52 ± 0.12 |
Tridecane | 1298 | 1300 | 94 | 0.45 ± 0.57 | 0.29 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.98 ± 0.09 |
Tetradec-1-ene | 1392 | 1392 | 95 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.38 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.02 |
Tetradecane | 1399 | 1400 | 96 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 4.07 ± 0.02 | 2.80 ± 0.55 | 1.79 ± 0.26 | 2.49 ± 0.53 | 15.28 ± 1.62 |
(E)-Caryophyllene | 1426 | 1424 | 96 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.60 ± 0.02 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.38 ± 0.13 | 0.43 ± 0.18 | 0.12 ± 0.02 |
α-trans-Bergamotene | 1441 | 1432 | 96 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.00 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
β-(E)-Farnesene + Humulene | 1461 | 1452/1454 | 91/90 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.01 |
β-Selinene | 1493 | 1492 | 94 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.09 | 0.35 ± 0.12 | 0.07 ± 0.00 |
α-Selinene | 1501 | 1501 | 90 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
unknown sesquiterpene or sesquiterpenoid | 1522 | | | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
Hexadecane | 1599 | 1600 | 97 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.39 ± 0.10 | 1.99 ± 0.22 |
unknown sesquiterpene or sesquiterpenoid | 1602 | | | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 |
unknown sesquiterpene or sesquiterpenoid | 1607 | | | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
3-Butyl hexahydro phthalide | 1647 | 1631 | 90 | 0.33 ± 0.09 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.66 ± 0.05 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.02 |
3-Butyl phthalide | 1650 | 1648 | 90 | 2.63 ± 0.61 | 1.06 ± 0.10 | 1.93 ± 0.07 | 1.70 ± 0.16 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 2.59 ± 0.33 |
(3Z)-Butylidene phthalide | 1683 | 1673 | 90 | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.36 ± 0.04 |
Fenipentol | 1740 | nd 4 | tr 5 | 1.63 ± 0.20 | 2.57 ± 0.38 | 1.92 ± 0.12 | 1.23 ± 0.19 | 0.82 ± 0.00 | 7.28 ± 1.07 |
3-Isobutylidene phthalide | 1746 | 1722 | 97 | 2.30 ± 0.21 | 2.26 ± 0.27 | 5.85 ± 0.63 | 4.86 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.08 | 4.98 ± 0.67 |
(Z)-Ligustilide | 1748 | 1733 | 94 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.06 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.85 ± 0.11 |
Neocnidilide | 1750 | 1735 | 94 | 3.17 ± 0.67 | 1.25 ± 0.05 | 1.87 ± 0.33 | 4.03 ± 0.14 | 0.37 ± 0.06 | 3.08 ± 0.38 |
Table 2.
HS-SPME Arrow VOCs profile for fresh celery impregnated with beetroot juice. Celery after vacuum impregnation with beetroot juice (CB) after freeze drying (FD), vacuum (VD) and convection drying at a temperature of 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Table 2.
HS-SPME Arrow VOCs profile for fresh celery impregnated with beetroot juice. Celery after vacuum impregnation with beetroot juice (CB) after freeze drying (FD), vacuum (VD) and convection drying at a temperature of 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Compounds | LRI Exp 1 | LRI Lit 2 | Match 3 | CB | CB VD | CB CD50 | CB CD60 | CB CD70 | CB FD |
---|
Hexanal | 802 | 806 | 97 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 1.25 ± 0.26 | 0.56 ± 0.18 | 0.18 ± 0.06 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.98 ± 0.09 |
Nonane | 901 | 900 | 96 | 4.17 ± 0.28 | 3.81 ± 0.60 | 3.65 ± 0.15 | 4.54 ± 1.62 | 5.16 ± 0.06 | 2.37 ± 0.64 |
α-Pinene | 934 | 933 | 97 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.00 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.02 |
Sabinene | 972 | 972 | 97 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
β-Pinene | 977 | 978 | 98 | 15.86 ± 2.07 | 8.24 ± 0.26 | 8.52 ± 0.81 | 8.48 ± 0.16 | 9.86 ± 0.15 | 3.60 ± 0.66 |
Myrcene | 991 | 991 | 97 | 4.18 ± 0.54 | 3.88 ± 0.26 | 3.16 ± 0.33 | 4.34 ± 0.22 | 5.61 ± 0.62 | 1.21 ± 0.26 |
Octanal | 1003 | 1005 | 96 | 1.74 ± 0.08 | 0.44 ± 0.07 | 1.27 ± 0.28 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.71 ± 0.02 |
p-Cymene | 1024 | 1025 | 98 | 6.60 ± 1.60 | 1.80 ± 0.10 | 3.07 ± 0.42 | 2.23 ± 0.05 | 1.46 ± 0.13 | 2.06 ± 0.05 |
Limonene | 1030 | 1030 | 96 | 36.02 ± 4.47 | 42.34 ± 1.36 | 35.07 ± 1.73 | 45.31 ± 2.23 | 48.41 ± 0.65 | 13.16 ± 1.98 |
β-(E)-Ocimene | 1037 | 1045 | 95 | 7.47 ± 0.72 | 6.66 ± 0.20 | 5.84 ± 0.27 | 8.25 ± 1.06 | 9.77 ± 0.63 | 2.82 ± 0.50 |
γ-Terpinene | 1058 | 1058 | 97 | 3.71 ± 0.55 | 3.31 ± 0.31 | 2.85 ± 0.20 | 3.70 ± 0.49 | 3.85 ± 0.23 | 1.45 ± 0.22 |
(5Z)-Octen-1-ol | 1076 | 1073 | tr 4 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.04 |
Nonanal | 1103 | 1104 | 95 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.27 ± 0.06 | 0.65 ± 0.26 | 0.24 ± 0.07 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.63 ± 0.17 |
cis-Limonene oxide | 1133 | 1134 | 97 | 0.34 ± 0.06 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.12 | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 |
trans-Limonene oxide | 1137 | 1138 | 90 | 2.30 ± 0.40 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.08 |
Pentyl cyclohexa-1,3-diene | 1158 | 1160 | 90 | 3.22 ± 0.79 | 7.32 ± 1.26 | 3.19 ± 0.11 | 5.77 ± 1.81 | 6.75 ± 0.47 | 3.81 ± 0.09 |
Decanal | 1204 | 1204 | 92 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 2.31 ± 0.47 | 0.18 ± 0.15 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.42 ± 0.42 | 12.57 ± 0.22 |
trans-Carveol | 1219 | 1223 | 90 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.07 ± 0.30 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.01 |
(2E)-Decenal | 1261 | 1265 | 96 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.22 |
Triacetin | 1356 | 1354 | 91 | 0.19 ± 0.09 | 0.36 ± 0.13 | 2.05 ± 1.84 | 0.50 ± 0.40 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.69 ± 0.05 |
Tetradecene | 1392 | 1392 | 92 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.39 ± 0.02 |
Tetradecane | 1399 | 1400 | 90 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 6.25 ± 1.09 | 1.34 ± 0.21 | 3.25 ± 0.89 | 2.60 ± 0.55 | 26.73 ± 1.75 |
Methyl eugenol | 1406 | 1403 | 85 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Dodecanal | 1409 | 1402 | 94 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.01 |
(E)-Caryophyllene | 1426 | 1424 | 96 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.78 ± 0.11 | 0.41 ± 0.29 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 0.45 ± 0.19 | 0.20 ± 0.02 |
α-trans-Bergamotene | 1441 | 1432 | 96 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.10 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.02 |
trans-Geranylacetone | 1456 | 1450 | 92 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.02 |
β-(E)-Farnesene | 1461 | 1452 | 90 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
α-Humulene | 1462 | 1454 | 90 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.12 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.01 |
unknown sesquiterpene or sesquiterpenoid | 1469 | | | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.96 ± 0.17 | 1.87 ± 0.46 | 0.99 ± 0.27 | 0.58 ± 0.18 | 2.90 ± 0.08 |
Dodecanol | 1477 | 1476 | tr | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
unknown sesquiterpene or sesquiterpenoid | 1482 | | | 0.43 ± 0.13 | 1.05 ± 0.26 | 0.76 ± 0.91 | 0.42 ± 0.34 | 0.49 ± 0.46 | 0.62 ± 0.03 |
β-Selinene | 1494 | 1492 | 94 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.04 | 0.68 ± 0.60 | 0.60 ± 0.13 | 0.36 ± 0.12 | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
α-Selinene | 1502 | 1501 | 86 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
unknown sesquiterpene or sesquiterpenoid | 1523 | | | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1596 | 1587 | 90 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
Tetradecanal | 1615 | 1601 | 90 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.32 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 |
Methyl trans-dihydrojasmonate | 1663 | 1648 | 94 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.24 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.05 |
3-Butyl phthalide | 1664 | 1648 | 91 | 1.72 ± 0.59 | 0.89 ± 0.59 | 3.31 ± 0.22 | 1.61 ± 0.54 | 0.32 ± 0.32 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
cis-9-Tetradecen-1-ol | 1677 | 1664 | T | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.10 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.52 ± 0.08 |
(3Z)-Butylidene phthalide | 1689 | 1673 | 92 | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.48 ± 0.06 |
Fenipentol | 1740 | nd 5 | tr | 2.74 ± 0.56 | 2.49 ± 0.30 | 6.14 ± 1.75 | 2.41 ± 0.69 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 8.64 ± 0.62 |
3-Isobutylidene phthalide | 1746 | 1722 | 97 | 2.40 ± 0.14 | 1.85 ± 0.17 | 5.07 ± 0.61 | 2.28 ± 0.16 | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 5.67 ± 0.01 |
(Z)-Ligustilide | 1748 | 1733 | 94 | 0.57 ± 0.14 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.56 ± 0.09 | 0.27 ± 0.09 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.10 |
Neocnidilide | 1751 | 1735 | 94 | 2.07 ± 0.80 | 1.00 ± 0.22 | 3.88 ± 0.62 | 1.39 ± 0.03 | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 4.59 ± 029 |
Octyl caprylate | 1780 | 1779 | 91 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.14 |
Octadecane | 1799 | 1800 | 90 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.02 |
Isopropyl tetradecanoate | 1826 | 1826 | 93 | 0.25 ± 0.08 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.03 |
Methyl 14-methylhexadecanoate | 1928 | 1914 | T | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 1.28 ± 0.31 | 0.41 ± 0.07 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
Isopropyl palmitate | 2025 | 2013 | 94 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
Table 3.
Model parameters and statistics describing the drying kinetics of celery dried by convection at different temperatures. Celery (C), celery after vacuum impregnation with beetroot juice (CB), material after freeze drying (FD), vacuum (VD) and convection drying at a temperature of 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Table 3.
Model parameters and statistics describing the drying kinetics of celery dried by convection at different temperatures. Celery (C), celery after vacuum impregnation with beetroot juice (CB), material after freeze drying (FD), vacuum (VD) and convection drying at a temperature of 50 °C (CD50), 60 °C (CD60) and 70 °C (CD70).
Drying Method | Material | Model Parameters | Statistical Parameters | Drying Time [min] |
---|
k | a | b | RMSE | Ve [%] | R2 | χ2 |
---|
Logistic Model |
CD50 | CB | 0.0134 | 5.4908 | 6.4022 | 0.0099 | 0.0230 | 0.9992 | 0.0001 | 330 |
C | 0.0130 | 1.5099 | 2.4754 | 0.0108 | 0.0235 | 0.9991 | 0.0001 | 400 |
CD60 | CB | 0.0206 | 2.4017 | 3.3431 | 0.0109 | 0.0264 | 0.9989 | 0.0001 | 240 |
C | 0.0171 | 2.3372 | 3.2945 | 0.0084 | 0.0199 | 0.9994 | 0.0001 | 300 |
CD70 | CB | 0.0236 | 2.9346 | 3.8320 | 0.0132 | 0.0338 | 0.9984 | 0.0002 | 210 |
C | 0.0209 | 1.0870 | 2.0494 | 0.0107 | 0.0236 | 0.9990 | 0.0001 | 240 |
Logarithmic Model |
CD50 | CB | 0.0111 | 1.0381 | - | 0.0157 | 0.0370 | 0.9978 | 0.0003 | 330 |
C | 0.0089 | 1.0546 | - | 0.0208 | 0.0451 | 0.9968 | 0.0005 | 400 |
CD60 | CB | 0.0155 | 1.0708 | - | 0.0173 | 0.0419 | 0.9974 | 0.0003 | 240 |
C | 0.0125 | 1.0862 | - | 0.0311 | 0.0722 | 0.9920 | 0.001 | 300 |
CD70 | CB | 0.0190 | 1.0827 | - | 0.0191 | 0.0493 | 0.9967 | 0.0004 | 210 |
C | 0.0138 | 1.0790 | - | 0.0235 | 0.0529 | 0.9956 | 0.0006 | 240 |
Henderdon and Pabis Model |
CD50 | CB | 0.0125 | 0.9945 | - | 0.0108 | 0.0256 | 0.9991 | 0.0001 | 330 |
C | 0.0101 | 1.0195 | - | 0.0190 | 0.0412 | 0.9976 | 0.0004 | 400 |
CD60 | CB | 0.0174 | 1.0056 | - | 0.0154 | 0.0373 | 0.9982 | 0.0003 | 240 |
C | 0.0140 | 1.0325 | - | 0.0344 | 0.0800 | 0.9903 | 0.0014 | 300 |
CD70 | CB | 0.0211 | 1.0007 | - | 0.0156 | 0.0404 | 0.9981 | 0.0003 | 210 |
C | 0.0154 | 1.0215 | - | 0.0239 | 0.0538 | 0.9956 | 0.0007 | 240 |
Newton Model |
CD50 | CB | 0.0126 | - | - | 0.0111 | 0.0261 | 0.9990 | 0.0001 | 330 |
C | 0.0098 | - | - | 0.0209 | 0.0452 | 0.9983 | 0.0005 | 400 |
CD60 | CB | 0.0172 | - | - | 0.0155 | 0.0377 | 0.9984 | 0.0003 | 240 |
C | 0.0134 | - | - | 0.0370 | 0.0860 | 0.9912 | 0.0016 | 300 |
CD70 | CB | 0.0211 | - | - | 0.0156 | 0.0404 | 0.9981 | 0.0003 | 210 |
C | 0.0150 | - | - | 0.0256 | 0.0576 | 0.9966 | 0.0008 | 240 |
Page Model |
CD50 | CB | 0.0124 | 1.0037 | - | 0.0110 | 0.0261 | 0.9990 | 0.0001 | 330 |
C | 0.0063 | 1.0991 | - | 0.0124 | 0.0268 | 0.9988 | 0.0002 | 400 |
CD60 | CB | 0.0141 | 1.0496 | - | 0.0130 | 0.0316 | 0.9985 | 0.0002 | 240 |
C | 0.0072 | 1.1481 | - | 0.0285 | 0.0662 | 0.9929 | 0.0009 | 300 |
CD70 | CB | 0.0183 | 1.0368 | - | 0.0143 | 0.0371 | 0.9982 | 0.0002 | 210 |
C | 0.0091 | 1.1202 | - | 0.0161 | 0.0362 | 0.9978 | 0.0003 | 240 |
Table 4.
Dry matter (DM), water activity (AW), bulk density (ρb).
Table 4.
Dry matter (DM), water activity (AW), bulk density (ρb).
Method | DM (%) | AW (-) | ρb (kg·m–3) |
---|
C | 9.89 ± 0.009 a | 0.925 ± 0.023 i | 221.32 ± 27.30 d |
C FD | 99.26 ± 0.005 f | 0.110 ± 0.010 a | 34.28 ± 6.12 a |
C VD | 98.22 ± 0.019 e,f | 0.133 ± 0.036 a,b | 58.82 ± 8.71 b |
C CD50 | 89.58 ± 0.012 b,c | 0.480 ± 0.018 g | 72.04 ± 14.49 b |
C CD60 | 96.44 ± 0.014 e,f | 0.363 ± 0.002 e | 70.84 ± 13.43 b |
C CD70 | 97.75 ± 0.013 e,f | 0.187 ± 0.005 c | 67.76 ± 11.73 b |
CB | 10.43 ± 0.003 a | 0.983 ± 0.001 j | 271.43 ± 31.34 e |
CB FD | 98.18 ± 0.009 e,f | 0.149 ± 0.011 b | 34.48 ± 2.19 a |
CB VD | 95.51 ± 0.009 e,f | 0.180 ± 0.018 c | 91.67 ± 19.65 c |
CB CD50 | 87.69 ± 0.025 b | 0.557 ± 0.012 h | 94.24 ± 10.46 c |
CB CD60 | 91.64 ± 0.182 c,d | 0.422 ± 0.005 f | 87.79 ± 5.68 b |
CB CD70 | 94.42 ± 0.027 d,e | 0.252 ± 0.003 d | 63.92 ± 2.26 b |
Table 5.
Color parameters of raw and dried celery. Color parameters of raw and dried celery: L*—lightness, a* for (+) redness/(−) greenness, and b* for (+) yellowing, BI—browning index, C*—saturation, ΔE—total color of vegetables.
Table 5.
Color parameters of raw and dried celery. Color parameters of raw and dried celery: L*—lightness, a* for (+) redness/(−) greenness, and b* for (+) yellowing, BI—browning index, C*—saturation, ΔE—total color of vegetables.
Method | L* | a* | b* | BI | C* | ∆E |
---|
C | 85.62 ± 1.3 f | −0.51 ± 0.35 a | 10.72± 1.12 c | 12.61 | 10.73 | - |
C FD | 91.90 ± 2.07 g | −0.46 ± 0.15 a | 11.38± 0.52 c | 12.54 | 11.39 | 6.31 |
C VD | 63.56 ± 4.70 d | 0.56 ± 0.33 a,b | 11.80± 1.33 c | 20.71 | 11.81 | 22.11 |
C CD50 | 77.30 ± 2.55 d | 2.50 ± 0.92 b | 18.06± 1.54 e | 28.44 | 18.23 | 11.49 |
C CD60 | 75.26 ± 2.85 d | 1.61 ± 0.55 a,b | 16.60± 1.09 d | 25.96 | 16.68 | 12.10 |
C CD70 | 76.16 ± 1.55 d | 2.12 ± 0.83 b | 17.67± 1.77 d | 27.90 | 17.80 | 12.03 |
CB | 43.72 ± 2.35 b | 28.81 ± 3.13 e | 8.92± 0.76 b | 66.75 | 30.16 | 51.17 |
CB FD | 58.59 ± 2.14 c | 28.06 ± 1.68 e | 8.84± 1.96 b | 48.90 | 29.41 | 39.37 |
CB VD | 37.02 ± 3.66 a | 15.64 ± 2.77 c | 6.25± 2.52 a | 47.54 | 16.84 | 51.41 |
CB CD50 | 40.26 ± 1.54 a,b | 18.22 ± 1.18 d | 10.92± 0.94 c | 63.00 | 21.92 | 49.07 |
CB CD60 | 39.65 ± 2.96 a,b | 19.37 ± 2.07 d | 11.37± 1.30 c | 67.52 | 22.46 | 50.09 |
CB CD70 | 39.59 ± 1.91 a,b | 18.90 ± 1.08 d | 11.11± 1.62 c | 65.93 | 21.24 | 49.96 |
Table 6.
Samples codes for raw and dried celery.
Table 6.
Samples codes for raw and dried celery.
Code | Material | Type of Drying |
---|
C | Celery | - |
C FD | Celery | freeze drying |
C VD | Celery | vacuum drying |
C CD50 | Celery | convective drying 50 °C |
C CD60 | Celery | convective drying 60 °C |
C CD70 | Celery | convective drying 70 °C |
CB | Celery after impregnation with beetroot juice | - |
CB FD | Celery after impregnation with beetroot juice | freeze drying |
CB VD | Celery after impregnation with beetroot juice | vacuum drying |
CB CD50 | Celery after impregnation with beetroot juice | convective drying 50 °C |
CB CD60 | Celery after impregnation with beetroot juice | convective drying 60 °C |
CB CD70 | Celery after impregnation with beetroot juice | convective drying 70 °C |
Table 7.
Models taken advantage for description of course convective drying.
Table 7.
Models taken advantage for description of course convective drying.
Number | Model Name | Equation |
---|
1 | Page Model [34] | |
2 | Henderdon and Pabis Model [35] | |
3 | Newton Model [36] | |
4 | Logarithmic Model [37] | |
5 | Logistic Model [38] | |