Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as Adsorbent for the Removal of a Triphenylmethane Dye from Its Aqueous Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characterisation of the Metal and Halide Free OMC
2.1.1. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction
2.1.2. Electron Microscopy
2.1.3. Nitrogen Gas Physisorption
2.1.4. Interpretation of Characterization Results
2.2. Batch Adsorption Studies
2.2.1. Preliminary Tests under Batch Conditions
Effect of Solution pH
Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
Effect of Dye Concentration
Effect of Contact Time
2.2.2. Isotherms Investigations
Langmuir Isotherm and Thermodynamic Parameters
Freundlich Isotherm
Temkin Isotherm
Dubinin–Radushkevitch (D-R) Isotherm
2.2.3. Adsorption Kinetics
Reaction Mechanism Explication
- I.
- External Transport < Internal Transport (film diffusion is rate limiting);
- II.
- External Transport > Internal Transport (particle diffusion is rate limiting);
- III.
- External Transport ≈ Internal Transport, where adsorption is not feasible at a significant rate due to the formation of a liquid film over the sorbent particles.
2.2.4. Comparative Batch Adsorption
2.3. Continuous Adsorption/Desorption in a Fixed Bed Column
2.3.1. Dye Adsorption in OMC Fixed Bed Column
2.3.2. Regeneration of Column and Dye Recovery
2.3.3. Determination of Column Efficiency
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Synthesis of Metal and Halide Free OMC
3.3. Materials Characterisation
3.4. Instruments for Adsorption Experiments
3.5. Adsorption Batch Experiments
3.6. Fixed Bed Column Operations
3.6.1. Dye Adsorption in OMC Fixed Bed Column
3.6.2. Desorption of Column and Dye Retrieval
3.6.3. Determination of Column Efficiency
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Other names | Aniline violet, Basic violet 3, Baszol Violet 57L, Brilliant Violet 58, Hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride, Methylrosanilide chloride, Methyl Violet 10B, Methyl Violet 10BNS, Pyoktanin |
Melting point | 205 °C (401 F: 478 K) |
Molecular weight | 407.99 g·mol−1 |
IUPAC name | 4-{Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium chloride |
Chemical formula | C25H30CIN3 |
Class | Triarylmethane |
Colour | Blue Violet |
Solubility in water | 4 g/L at 25 °C |
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm | |||
---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Temperature (°C) | ||
30 | 40 | 50 | |
qo (g·g−1) | 2.15 | 1.75 | 0.73 |
× 104 (L·mol−1) | 1.85 | 2.27 | 3.62 |
r | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.36 |
R2 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 |
Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm | |||
× 104 (mol·g−1) | 1.11 | 5.67 | 2.06 |
n | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.88 |
R2 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Temkin Adsorption Isotherm | |||
× 10−1 (mol·g−1) | 2.30 | 2.42 | 2.15 |
× 105 (L·mol−1) | 5.79 | 5.32 | 4.99 |
R2 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.92 |
Dubinin–Radushkevtich Adsorption Isotherm | |||
Xm (mol·g−1) | 1.34 | 3.01 | 1.82 |
× 10−9 (L·mol−1) | 7.00 | 7.00 | 6.00 |
E (kJ·mol−1) | 8.45 | 8.45 | 9.12 |
R2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 |
Parameters | Temperature (°C) | ||
---|---|---|---|
30 | 40 | 50 | |
−ΔG° (kJ·mol−1) | 24.76 | 26.11 | 28.19 |
ΔH° (kJ·mol−1) | 16.12 | 27.31 | 39.23 |
ΔS° (kJ·K−1mol−1) | 16.20 | 27.39 | 39.32 |
Adsorbent | Maximum Adsorption Capacity (mg/g) | Optimal Adsorption Conditions | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | Dose (g/L) | Time (h) | Conc. | |||
OMC | 2150.00 | 9 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4 × 10−5 M | Present Study |
Bentonite–Alginate Composite | 601.93 | 8 | 10.0 | - | 300 ppm | [49] |
Water Hyacinth | 322.58 | 7.8 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 100 ppm | [50] |
Bio-Nanocomposite (Alg-Cst/Kal) | 169.49 | 8 | 0.4 | 3.0 | - | [51] |
Modified Rice Husk | 90.02 | 10 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1000 ppm | [52] |
Alligator weed Laminaria Japonica | 82.83 | 10 | - | 2.0 | 5 g/L | [53] |
Palm Kernel Fiber | 78.9 | 7.2 | 0.15 | 1.5 | - | [54] |
Coniferous Pinus Bark Powder | 32.78 | 8 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 50 ppm | [55] |
Clay | 25.98 | 10 | 1.0 | 0.25 | 30 ppm | [56] |
TLAC/Chitosan Composite | 12.5 | 9 | 4.0 | 0.67 | - | [57] |
Iron Based Metal Organic Framework | 9.259 | 6 | 3.5 | 24.0 | 5 ppm | [58] |
De-Oiled Soya | 1.42 | 8 | 2.0 | 4.0. | 8 × 10−5 M | [59] |
Crosslinked Grafted Xanthan Gum | 0.75 | 7 | 0.8 | 7.0 | 500 ppm | [60] |
Bottom Ash | 0.27 | 8 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 8 × 10−5 M | [59] |
Co (M) | Cx (M) | Cb (M) | Vx (mL) | Vb (mL) | (Vx − Vb) (mL) | Fm (mg/cm2/min) | D (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 × 10−4 | 4.94 × 10−5 | 2.96 × 10−5 | 400 | 40 | 85 | 1.167 | 0.90 |
tx (min) | tδ (min) | tf (min) | f | δ (cm) | Percentage Saturation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
342.720 | 308.448 | 8.889 | 0.991 | 0.924 | 96.89 |
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Gaur, B.; Mittal, J.; Hassan, H.; Mittal, A.; Baker, R.T. Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as Adsorbent for the Removal of a Triphenylmethane Dye from Its Aqueous Solutions. Molecules 2024, 29, 4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174100
Gaur B, Mittal J, Hassan H, Mittal A, Baker RT. Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as Adsorbent for the Removal of a Triphenylmethane Dye from Its Aqueous Solutions. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174100
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaur, Bharti, Jyoti Mittal, Hadi Hassan, Alok Mittal, and Richard T. Baker. 2024. "Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as Adsorbent for the Removal of a Triphenylmethane Dye from Its Aqueous Solutions" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174100