The Effects of a Cultivar and Production System on the Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Bioactive Compounds in Spring Wheat (Triticum sp.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. The Results of the Organic Production System
2.1.1. Biometric Analyses and Grain Yield, Evaluation of Plant Infestation by Pathogens and Fusarium spp. Occurrence
2.1.2. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of PAs in Grain and Husk
2.1.3. Antiradical Activity of PAs Fraction
2.1.4. Identification and Quantification of Alkylresorcinols (ARs, Resorcinolic Lipids)
2.1.5. Antiradical Activity of ARs
2.2. Comparison of Three Different Production Systems
2.2.1. Quantitative, Qualitative Analysis and Antiradical Activity of PAs
2.2.2. Identification, Quantification and Antiradical Activity of ARs
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Characteristics of Sites, Agronomic Practices, and Design of Experiment
3.2. Plant Material
3.3. Biometric Analyses and Grain Yield
3.4. Assessment of Plant Infestation by Pathogens
3.5. Assessment of Fusarium spp. Occurrence
3.6. Chemicals
3.7. Chemical Analyses
3.7.1. Phenolic Acids (PAs)
Extraction of PAs from Spring Wheat Samples
Determination of PAs Using UPLC-DAD-MS
Antiradical Activity of PAs
3.7.2. Alkylresorcinols (ARs, Resorcinolic Lipids)
Extraction of ARs from Wheat Samples
UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Analysis of ARs
Free Radical Scavenging Activity of ARs
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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PHENOLIC ACID | Production System (A) | Year (B) | Cultivar (C) | LSD50 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | Harenda | Kandela | Mandaryna | Serenada | (A) | (B) | (C) | ||
Protocatechuic acid | ORG | 1.58 b | 1.74 a | 1.75 a | 1.75 a | 1.46 c–f | 1.68 ab | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
INT | 1.22 c | 1.75 a | 1.63 a–c | 1.60 a–d | 1.27 f | 1.45 c–f | ||||
CONV | 1.27 c | 1.63 ab | 1.39 d–f | 1.52 b–e | 1.55 a–e | 1.35 ef | ||||
p-OH-Benzoic acid | ORG | 4.42 b | 7.21 a | 6.14 b | 4.48 d | 5.53 bc | 6.99 a | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
INT | 3.90 c | 7.10 a | 5.81 bc | 4.52 d | 4.75 d | 6.94 a | ||||
CONV | 3.93 c | 6.90 a | 5.16 cd | 4.52 d | 5.15 cd | 6.83 a | ||||
Vanillic acid | ORG | 7.92 cd | 9.48 b | 8.22 b–d | 9.10 bc | 9.31 ab | 8.18 b–d | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.5 |
INT | 7.20 d | 9.15 b | 7.92 cd | 8.29 bcd | 8.96 bc | 7.53 d | ||||
CONV | 8.08 c | 10.77 a | 8.77 b–d | 9.45 ab | 10.58 a | 8.91 bc | ||||
Caffeic acid | ORG | 16.96 a | 17.11 a | 19.08 a | 15.06 cd | 18.15 ab | 15.85 bc | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.5 |
INT | 12.14 c | 12.17 c | 13.00 d–f | 10.21 g | 12.00 fg | 13.40 d–f | ||||
CONV | 13.15 bc | 14.16 b | 14.44 c–e | 13.30 d–f | 12.58 ef | 14.31 c–e | ||||
Syringic acid | ORG | 8.04 e | 10.03 c | 7.80 h | 8.37 gh | 9.97 cde | 10.00 c–e | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
INT | 8.66 de | 11.24 b | 9.63 d–f | 8.74 f–h | 10.99 a–c | 10.45 b–d | ||||
CONV | 8.97 d | 12.43 a | 9.27 e–g | 10.32 b–e | 11.41 ab | 11.80 a | ||||
p-Coumaric acid | ORG | 13.04 c | 26.72 b | 19.83 abc | 19.44 abc | 20.52 ab | 19.73 a–c | 6.3 | 5.2 | 6.9 |
INT | 10.07 c | 31.00 a | 25.20 a | 17.74 bc | 13.89 c | 25.32 a | ||||
CONV | 10.41 c | 34.67 a | 22.84 ab | 22.15 ab | 24.80 a | 20.37 ab | ||||
Ferulic acid | ORG | 649.18 c | 837.05 a | 854.67 a | 715.06 b–d | 765.65 ab | 637.07 c–e | 117.6 | 97.7 | 129.6 |
INT | 525.43 d | 700.24 bc | 689.66 b–d | 544.76 e | 603.19 de | 613.74 de | ||||
CONV | 568.80 d | 721.84 b | 732.85 bc | 636.00 c–e | 553.09 e | 659.33 b–e | ||||
Sinapic acid | ORG | 48.91 bc | 58.98 a | 67.06 a | 40.28 ef | 70.31 a | 38.12 fg | 8.4 | 7.0 | 9.3 |
INT | 46.63 c | 46.8 c | 54.46 b | 31.57 g | 56.88 bc | 40.96 d–f | ||||
CONV | 52.50 b | 47.96 bc | 65.28 ab | 38.70 fg | 48.03 de | 48.92 cd | ||||
Total | ORG | 750.05 c | 968.32 a | 984.55 a | 813.65 b–d | 900.92 ab | 737.62 c–f | 130.1 | 108.1 | 143.4 |
INT | 615.25 d | 819.46 bc | 810.30 b–d | 627.42 f | 711.91 d–f | 719.79 d–f | ||||
CONV | 667.11 d | 850.37 b | 859.99 a–c | 735.95 c–f | 667.20 ef | 771.82 b–e | ||||
Antiradical activity | ORG | 0.198 b | 0.214 a | 0.233 a | 0.186 bc | 0.221 ab | 0.186 c | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
INT | 0.131 d | 0.190 bc | 0.179 c | 0.146 e | 0.159 d | 0.158 d | ||||
CONV | 0.141 d | 0.195 b | 0.198 b | 0.154 d | 0.157 d | 0.165 cd |
Alkylresorcinol | Production System (A) | Year (B) | Cultivar (C) | LSD50 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | Harenda | Kandela | Mandaryna | Serenada | (A) | (B) | (C) | ||
C17:0 + 19:1 | ORG | 66.66 c | 80.13 a | 84.01 a | 70.46 c | 72.97 c | 66.12 d | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.8 |
INT | 65.87 c | 74.63 b | 73.31 c | 71.16 c | 77.69 b | 58.86 e | ||||
CONV | 64.73 c | 80.17 a | 80.67 ab | 65.01 d | 78.63 b | 65.49 d | ||||
C19:0 | ORG | 205.35 d | 282.18 a | 271.02 a | 247.38 c | 249.97 c | 206.68 f | 4.2 | 2.8 | 5.3 |
INT | 198.25 de | 262.15 c | 249.92 c | 235.27 d | 251.11 bc | 184.49 g | ||||
CONV | 194.20 e | 272.64 b | 263.38 a | 219.69 e | 262.39 ab | 188.22 g | ||||
C21:0 | ORG | 260.57 c | 374.17 a | 326.66 b | 297.91 c | 318.40 b | 326.50 b | 5.7 | 3.8 | 7.2 |
INT | 253.67 c | 329.21 b | 343.14 a | 261.02 ef | 284.75 cd | 276.84 de | ||||
CONV | 254.28 c | 337.09 b | 352.03 a | 247.13 f | 299.60 c | 283.99 cd | ||||
C23:0 | ORG | 37.67 d | 71.68 a | 59.91 a | 45.35 c | 55.52 a | 57.93 a | 2.7 | 1.8 | 3.4 |
INT | 36.92 d | 60.25 c | 61.39 a | 45.26 c | 42.72 c | 44.98 c | ||||
CONV | 37.81 d | 65.26 b | 60.96 a | 43.00 c | 47.61 bc | 54.58 ab | ||||
C25:0 | ORG | 11.42 c | 25.29 a | 20.80 b–d | 21.77 a-c | 18.06 cd | 12.78 ef | 1.7 | 1.1 | 2.1 |
INT | 12.97 c | 19.54 b | 21.36 a–d | 16.57 de | 16.82 de | 10.28 f | ||||
CONV | 12.81 c | 26.04 a | 17.00 c–e | 23.24 ab | 25.77 a | 11.69 f | ||||
Total | ORG | 581.66 d | 833.44 a | 762.41 a | 682.87 bc | 714.92 b | 670.01 c | 11.5 | 7.7 | 14.6 |
INT | 567.69 d | 745.78 c | 749.13 a | 629.27 d | 673.10 c | 575.45 e | ||||
CONV | 563.84 d | 781.20 b | 774.03 a | 598.07 de | 713.99 b | 603.98 de | ||||
Antiradical activity | ORG | 0.129 d | 0.167 a | 0.170 a | 0.132 c | 0.156 b | 0.134 bc | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
INT | 0.127 d | 0.146 c | 0.159 ab | 0.127 d | 0.134 bc | 0.126 d | ||||
CONV | 0.129 d | 0.154 b | 0.152 b | 0.125 d | 0.157 b | 0.133 c |
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Kowalska, I.; Pawelec, S.; Pecio, Ł.; Feledyn-Szewczyk, B. The Effects of a Cultivar and Production System on the Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Bioactive Compounds in Spring Wheat (Triticum sp.). Molecules 2024, 29, 4106. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174106
Kowalska I, Pawelec S, Pecio Ł, Feledyn-Szewczyk B. The Effects of a Cultivar and Production System on the Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Bioactive Compounds in Spring Wheat (Triticum sp.). Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4106. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174106
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowalska, Iwona, Sylwia Pawelec, Łukasz Pecio, and Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk. 2024. "The Effects of a Cultivar and Production System on the Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Bioactive Compounds in Spring Wheat (Triticum sp.)" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4106. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174106