Phenolic Constituents, Photoprotective Effect, and Antioxidant Capacities of Achillea ligustica All
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS
2.2. Structure of the Isolated Compounds
2.3. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents
2.4. Antioxidant and Photoprotective Activities
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Extraction and Isolation
4.3. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS Analysis
4.4. Isolation and Purification of Compounds
4.5. Determination of Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Contents
4.5.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
4.5.2. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
4.6. Estimation of Antioxidant Activities
4.6.1. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity
4.6.2. Galvinoxyl (GOR) Scavenging Activity
4.6.3. Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) Activity
4.6.4. Reducing Power Activity
4.6.5. O-Phenanthroline Activity
4.7. Photoprotective Activity
4.8. Statistical Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Compounds | Rt (min) | Molecular Formula | m/z (Molecular Ion) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Quinic acid | 3.22 | C7H12O6 | 192.0634 |
2 | Malic acid | 3.31 | C4H6O5 | 134.0216 |
3 | Protocatechuic acid | 7.74 | C7H6O4 | 154.0267 |
4 | Syringic acid a | 7.97 | C9H10O5 | 198.0530 |
5 | Catechol | 8.72 | C6H6O2 | 110.0366 |
6 | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 10.05 | C7H6O3 | 138.0318 |
7 | Chlorogenic acid | 11.63 | C16H18O9 | 354.0951 |
8 | Caffeic acid | 12.60 | C9H8O4 | 180.0424 |
9 | p-Coumaric acid | 14.73 | C9H8O3 | 164.0469 |
10 | Naringin a | 16.44 | C27H32O14 | 580.1786 |
11 | Hesperetin | 16.84 | C16H14O6 | 302.0793 |
12 | Rutin | 17.36 | C27H30O16 | 610.1535 |
13 | Hyperoside | 17.41 | C21H20O12 | 464.0956 |
14 | Hesperidin a | 17.49 | C28H34O15 | 610.1875 |
15 | Vanillin | 17.97 | C8H8O3 | 152.0475 |
16 | Apigenin-7-O-glucoside | 18.21 | C21H20O10 | 432.1056 |
17 | Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | 18.73 | C21H20O11 | 448.1004 |
18 | Naringenin b | 20.42 | C15H12O5 | 272.0683 |
19 | Quercetin | 20.47 | C15H10O7 | 302.0424 |
20 | Fisetin | 21.16 | C15H10O6 | 286.0475 |
21 | Rhamnetin | 21.43 | C16H12O7 | 316.0583 |
22 | Apigenin | 22.63 | C15H10O5 | 270.0529 |
23 | Rosmarinic acid | 26.31 | C18H16O8 | 360.0836 |
Extract | TPC (μg GAE/mg) | TFC (μg EQ/mg) |
---|---|---|
AcOEt | 465.47 ± 1.02 | 225.63 ± 0.59 |
BuOH | 258.12 ± 1.02 | 147.50 ± 2.21 |
Samples | IC50 (μg/mL) | A0.50 (μg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH | GOR | CUPRAC | Reducing Power | Phenanthroline | |
AcOEt | 7.13 ± 0.15 | 4.57 ± 0.10 | 5.61 ± 0.06 | 13.14 ± 2.20 | 5.17 ± 0.27 |
BuOH | 13.06 ± 0.60 | 8.33 ± 0.30 | 9.56 ± 0.28 | 29.12 ± 1.16 | 8.83 ± 0.50 |
BHA | 5.73 ± 0.41 | 5.38 ± 0.06 | 3.64 ± 0.19 | NT | 0.93 ± 0.07 |
BHT | NT | 3.32 ± 0.18 | 9.62 ± 0.87 | NT | 2.24 ± 0.17 |
Ascorbic acid | NT | NT | NT | 6.77 ± 1.15 | NT |
Tannic acid | NT | NT | NT | 5.39 ± 0.91 | NT |
α-Tocopherol | NT | NT | NT | 34.93 ± 2.38 | NT |
Extract | SPF | Protection Category * |
---|---|---|
AcOEt | 48.08 ± 0.01 | High protection |
BuOH | 48.08 ± 0.05 | High protection |
CSS 1 | 44.22 ± 0.35 | High protection |
CSS 2 | 50.11 ± 0.53 | High protection |
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Bouteche, A.; Touil, A.; Akkal, S.; Bensouici, C.; Nieto, G. Phenolic Constituents, Photoprotective Effect, and Antioxidant Capacities of Achillea ligustica All. Molecules 2024, 29, 4112. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174112
Bouteche A, Touil A, Akkal S, Bensouici C, Nieto G. Phenolic Constituents, Photoprotective Effect, and Antioxidant Capacities of Achillea ligustica All. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4112. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174112
Chicago/Turabian StyleBouteche, Azza, Ahmed Touil, Salah Akkal, Chawki Bensouici, and Gema Nieto. 2024. "Phenolic Constituents, Photoprotective Effect, and Antioxidant Capacities of Achillea ligustica All" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4112. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174112