Effects of Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Improving Exercise Performance in Mice: A 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of TMAO on the Swimming Exhaustive Time
2.2. NMR Spectra of Hydrophilic Metabolites Extracted from Skeletal Muscle
2.3. Multivariate Statistical Analysis for NMR Spectra of Metabolites Extracted from Skeletal Muscle
2.4. Identifications of Differential Metabolites of Aqueous Extracts Derived from Skeletal Muscle of Mice
2.5. Identifications of Important Metabolites of Aqueous Extracts Derived from Skeletal Muscle of Mice
2.6. Identifications of Characteristic Metabolites of Aqueous Extracts Derived from Skeletal Muscle of Mice
2.7. Identifications of Significantly Altered Metabolic Pathways of Aqueous Extracts Derived from Skeletal Muscle of Mice
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals and Ethics Statement
4.2. Swimming Exhaustive Test Protocol
4.3. TMAO Administration
4.4. Samples Collection
4.5. Extraction of Mice Skeletal Muscle’s Aqueous Metabolites
4.6. Preparation for NMR Sample
4.7. Measurements of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
4.8. Preprocess and Analysis of NMR Spectra
4.9. Metabolic Pathway Analysis
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metabolites | Multiple Comparisons | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ex + TMAO vs. Ex | Ex vs. Con | Ex + TMAO vs. TMAO | |
Leucine | ns | ↓ | ns |
Isoleucine | ns | ↑ | ↑ |
Valine | ↓ | ns | ns |
Ethanol | ns | ns | ns |
3HB | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Alanine | ns | ↓ | ↓ |
Lysine | ns | ↑ | ↑ |
Acetate | ns | ↑ | ns |
Glycylproline | ns | ↑ | ↑ |
Glutamate | ns | ns | ns |
Glutamine | ns | ↓ | ↓ |
Isocitrate | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ |
Anserine | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ |
Aspartate | ns | ↑ | ↑ |
TMA | ↑ | ns | ns |
Taurine | ↑ | ↓ | ns |
Glycine | ↑ | ↓ | ns |
Glutathione | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ |
Lactate | ns | ↓ | ↓ |
NAD | ns | ns | ↓ |
Glucose | ns | ↓ | ↓ |
IMP | ns | ↓ | ↓ |
Fumarate | ↓ | ns | ↑ |
NADH | ns | ns | ↓ |
Histidine | ns | ↓ | ↓ |
Tyrosine | ↓ | ns | ns |
Oxypurinol | ns | ↑ | ↑ |
Inosine | ns | ↑ | ns |
AMP | ns | ↓ | ↓ |
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Zou, H.; Gong, L.; Wang, Z.; Huang, C.; Luo, Y.; Jia, X.; Yu, J.; Lin, D.; Zhang, Y. Effects of Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Improving Exercise Performance in Mice: A 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis Approach. Molecules 2024, 29, 4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174128
Zou H, Gong L, Wang Z, Huang C, Luo Y, Jia X, Yu J, Lin D, Zhang Y. Effects of Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Improving Exercise Performance in Mice: A 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis Approach. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174128
Chicago/Turabian StyleZou, Hong, Lijing Gong, Zhiyuan Wang, Caihua Huang, Yue Luo, Xiao Jia, Jingjing Yu, Donghai Lin, and Yimin Zhang. 2024. "Effects of Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Improving Exercise Performance in Mice: A 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis Approach" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174128