Progress in Application of Silane Coupling Agent for Clay Modification to Flame Retardant Polymer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Silane Coupling Agent-Modified Clay
2.1. Classification of Silane Coupling Agents
2.2. Mechanism of Silane Coupling Agent-Modified Clay
2.3. Silane Coupling Agent-Modified Clay Process
3. Silane Coupling Agent-Modified Clay Flame Retardant Polymer
3.1. Mechanism of Silane Coupling Agent-Modified Clay Flame Retardant Polymer
3.2. Silane Coupling Agent-Modified Montmorillonite
3.3. Silane Coupling Agent-Modified Sepiolite
3.4. Silane Coupling Agent-Modified Attapulgite
3.5. Silane Coupling Agent-Modified Kaolinite
3.6. Silane Coupling Agent-Modification of Other Clays
4. Clay Grafted with Flame Retardant by Silane Coupling Agent
5. Current Challenges and Potential Future Trends
- (1)
- In order to give clay a better dispersion effect in the matrix and to enhance the compatibility of clay and organic polymer materials more effectively, it is necessary to develop silane coupling agents with better modification effects for different matrices. The key to developing silane coupling agents is to change the organic functional groups of silane coupling agents through organic synthesis reaction and other methods, so that the silane coupling agents can achieve a more efficient combination with a single-component specific organic matrices, or can be developed for multi-component organic matrices. Regardless of dry modification or wet modification, further optimization of the modification process is needed. It is recommended to study the optimal modification conditions such as modification temperature and modification time for different silane coupling agents and different clays, and it is also recommended to study the effect of the composite modification of silane coupling agents and other modifiers, as well as to optimize the ratio of the modifiers.
- (2)
- Research on silane coupling agent-modified clay for flame retardant polymers has focused on MMT, SEP, ATP, and Kaol, but few researchers have conducted comparative studies on the flame retardant effects of different silane coupling agent-modified clays in the same polymer matrix. A comparative study of the effects of different clays modified by silane coupling agents and the flame retardant effect of different clays in a polymer matrix after modification can be a future research direction.
- (3)
- While improving the flame retardant properties of clay composites by modifying the clay surface with silane coupling agents, it is also necessary to consider the effects on other properties of the composites, such as mechanical properties, water and corrosion resistance, processability, and degradability. The development of new silane coupling agents and the incorporation of specific functionalized components in composites are feasible solutions for this purpose.
- (4)
- Most silane coupling agent-modified clays for flame retardant composites can still only be realized in the laboratory. In order to meet the requirements of industrialized production, there is still a need for breakthroughs in production costs, facilities and equipment, and production processes. Especially for dry modification, which is less researched at present, it is recommended to explore low-cost and high-efficiency modifiers and modification environments, as well as more concise and efficient operational processes for modification under the premise of meeting the standards of industrial applications.
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categorization | Name | Nickname | Chemical Formula |
---|---|---|---|
Vinyl | Trichlorovinylsilane | WD-26, A-150, VTCS | C2H3Cl3Si |
Triethoxyvinylsilane | WD-20, A-151, VTEO | C8H18O3Si | |
Vinyltrimethoxysilane | WD-21, A-171, VTMO | C5H12O3Si | |
Vinyl tris(2-methoxyethoxy) silane | WD-27, A-172 | C11H24O6Si | |
Vinyltriacetoxysilane | C8H12O6Si | ||
Chlorocarbon | 3-Chloropropyltrichlorosilane | C3H6Cl4Si | |
3-Chloropropyl(trimethoxy)silane | WD-31, A-143 | C6H15ClO3Si | |
3-Chloropropyltriethoxysilane | WD-30 | C9H21ClO3Si | |
Aminohydrocarbon | (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane | KH-550, APTES, WD-50 | C9H23NO3Si |
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine | KH-540, WD-56 | C6H17NO3Si | |
N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine | KH-791, WD-51 | C8H22N2O3Si | |
Epoxy hydrocarbon | 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane | KH-560, WD-60, A-187 | C9H20O5Si |
Triethoxy(3-glycidyloxypropyl)silane | WD-62 | C12H26O5Si | |
3-Glycidyloxypropyl(dimethoxy)methylsilane | WD-61 | C9H20O4Si | |
2-(3,4-Epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane | A-186 | C14H28O4Si | |
Methacryloxyalkyl | 3-(Trichlorosilyl)propyl methacrylate | C7H11Cl3O2Si | |
3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane | KH-570, WD-70, A-174 | C10H20O5Si | |
3-Methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane | KH-571, WD-71 | C10H20O4Si | |
Sulfur-containing hydrocarbons | Trimethoxysilylpropanethiol | KH-590, WD-80, A-189 | C6H16O3SSi |
3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane | KH-580, WD-81 | C9H22O3SSi | |
Bis[3-(Triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide | WD-40,Si-69 | C18H42O6S4Si2 | |
Bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide | WD-42,Si-75 | C18H42O6S2Si2 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Hu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Zheng, S.; Kang, W. Progress in Application of Silane Coupling Agent for Clay Modification to Flame Retardant Polymer. Molecules 2024, 29, 4143. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174143
Hu Y, Liu Y, Zheng S, Kang W. Progress in Application of Silane Coupling Agent for Clay Modification to Flame Retardant Polymer. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4143. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174143
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Yongwei, Yong Liu, Shihao Zheng, and Wendong Kang. 2024. "Progress in Application of Silane Coupling Agent for Clay Modification to Flame Retardant Polymer" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4143. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174143