Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Adlay Bran
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effect of Single Factors on the Yield of ABPs
2.2. Optimization of Extraction Conditions for ABPs Using BBD
2.3. Structural Characteristics of ABPs
2.3.1. Chemical and Monosaccharide Composition and Analysis
2.3.2. Molecular Weight
2.3.3. FT-IR Spectrum
2.3.4. Methylation and GC–MS Analysis
2.3.5. Thermal Stability and Crystal Structure Analysis
2.3.6. SEM Analysis
2.3.7. AFM Analysis
2.4. Rheological Properties
2.5. Antioxidant Activity of ABPs
2.6. α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitory Capacities of ABPs
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials and Chemicals
3.2. Hot Water Extraction Process of ABPs
3.3. Optimization via the Response Surface Methodology Test
3.4. Structural Characterization of ABPs
3.4.1. Chemical Composition and Molecular Weight Analysis
3.4.2. Monosaccharide Composition Analysis
3.4.3. Methylation Analysis
3.4.4. FT-IR Analysis
3.4.5. Thermal Analysis
3.4.6. XRD Analysis
3.4.7. SEM Analysis
3.4.8. AFM Analysis
3.5. Rheological Measurement
3.6. Assay of Antioxidant Activity In Vitro of ABPs
3.6.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
3.6.2. ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity
3.6.3. Fe2+ Chelating Ability
3.6.4. Reducing Power
3.7. Assay of Hypoglycemic Activity In Vitro of ABPs
3.7.1. α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity
3.7.2. α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Std. Order | X1 (Extraction Temperature, °C) | X2 (Extraction Time, h) | X3 (Ratio of Water to Raw Material, mL/g) | Extraction Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | −1 (70) | −1 (2) | 0 (30) | 1.61 |
2 | 1 (90) | −1 (2) | 0 (30) | 1.82 |
3 | −1 (70) | 1 (3) | 0 (30) | 1.75 |
4 | 1 (90) | 1 (3) | 0 (30) | 1.72 |
5 | −1 (70) | 0 (2.5) | −1 (25) | 1.69 |
6 | 1 (90) | 0 (2.5) | −1 (25) | 1.91 |
7 | −1 (70) | 0 (2.5) | 1 (35) | 2.05 |
8 | 1 (90) | 0 (2.5) | 1 (35) | 1.93 |
9 | 0 (80) | −1 (2) | −1 (25) | 2.23 |
10 | 0 (80) | 1 (3) | −1 (25) | 1.80 |
11 | 0 (80) | −1 (2) | 1 (35) | 1.98 |
12 | 0 (80) | 1 (3) | 1 (35) | 2.30 |
13 | 0 (80) | 0 (2.5) | 0 (30) | 2.55 |
14 | 0 (80) | 0 (2.5) | 0 (30) | 2.56 |
15 | 0 (80) | 0 (2.5) | 0 (30) | 2.54 |
16 | 0 (80) | 0 (2.5) | 0 (30) | 2.51 |
17 | 0 (80) | 0 (2.5) | 0 (30) | 2.55 |
Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 1.95 | 9 | 0.2168 | 210.61 | <0.0001 | Significant |
X1 | 0.0098 | 1 | 0.0098 | 9.52 | 0.0177 | Significant |
X2 | 0.0006 | 1 | 0.0006 | 0.5951 | 0.4657 | |
X3 | 0.0496 | 1 | 0.0496 | 48.20 | 0.0002 | Significant |
X1X2 | 0.0144 | 1 | 0.0144 | 13.99 | 0.0073 | Significant |
X1X3 | 0.0289 | 1 | 0.0289 | 28.08 | 0.0011 | Significant |
X2X3 | 0.1406 | 1 | 0.1406 | 136.62 | <0.0001 | Significant |
X12 | 1.05 | 1 | 1.05 | 1021.66 | <0.0001 | Significant |
X22 | 0.4238 | 1 | 0.4238 | 411.72 | <0.0001 | Significant |
X32 | 0.0913 | 1 | 0.0913 | 88.70 | <0.0001 | Significant |
Residual | 0.0072 | 7 | 0.0010 | |||
Lack of Fit | 0.0057 | 3 | 0.0019 | 5.16 | 0.0735 | Not significant |
Pure Error | 0.0015 | 4 | 0.0004 | |||
Std. Dev. | 0.0321 | |||||
Mean | 2.09 | |||||
R2 | 0.9963 | |||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.9916 | |||||
Predicted R2 | 0.9520 | |||||
C.V. % | 1.54 |
Chemical Composition (%, g/g) | ABPs |
---|---|
Neutral sugar | 84.12 ± 1.55 |
Protein | 2.32 ± 0.43 |
Uronic acid | 3.03 ± 0.37 |
Monosaccharide composition (molar%) | |
Rha | 2.12 ± 0.04 |
Ara | 2.40 ± 0.08 |
GlcN | 0.52 ± 0.01 |
Gal | 7.94 ± 0.23 |
Glc | 77.12 ± 1.47 |
Xyl | 3.51 ± 0.67 |
Man | 2.55 ± 0.59 |
GlcA | 3.82 ± 0.44 |
Molecular weight | |
Peak 1 (kDa) | 12.88 ± 1.55 |
Peak 2 (kDa) | 2.31 ± 0.17 |
RT (min) | Methylated Alditol Acetate | Major Mass Fragments (m/z) | Molar Ratio (%) | Type of Linkage |
---|---|---|---|---|
14.506 | 2-Me1-Rha | 43, 87, 99, 113, 117, 129, 141, 159, 173 | 3.52 | →3,4)-Rhap-(1→ |
15.761 | 2,3,6-Me3-Glc | 43, 87, 99, 101, 113, 117, 129, 131, 161, 173, 233 | 25.64 | →4)-Glcp-(1→ |
15.99 | 2,3,4,6-Me4-Glc | 43, 71, 87, 101, 117, 129, 145, 161, 205 | 9.70 | Glcp-(1→ |
19.163 | 2,6-Me2-Glc | 43, 87, 97, 117, 159, 185 | 19.11 | →3,4)-Glcp-(1→ |
19.755 | 2,3-Me2-Xyl | 43, 71, 87, 99, 101, 117, 129, 161, 189 | 7.05 | →4)-Xylp-(1→ |
22.114 | 2,4,6-Me3-Glc | 43, 87, 99, 101, 117, 129, 161, 173, 233 | 13.23 | →3)-Glcp-(1→ |
23.911 | 2,6-Me2-Gal | 43, 87, 99, 117, 129, 143, 159 | 9.26 | →3,4)-Galp-(1→ |
25.341 | 2,3-Me2-Glc | 59, 102, 118, 142, 201, 231, 261 | 12.49 | →4,6)-Gclp-(1→ |
ABPs (mg/mL) | Cross Model Fitting Parameters | Carreau Model Fitting Parameters | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a (s) | d | η0 (Pa·s) | η∞ (Pa·s) | R2 | c (s) | p | η0 (Pa·s) | η∞ (Pa·s) | R2 | |
10 | 4.1190 | 0.7669 | 0.0074 | 0.0026 | 0.9875 | 34.1964 | 0.0469 | 0.0127 | 0.0025 | 0.9811 |
20 | 4.7690 | 0.5646 | 3.8333 | 0.0047 | 0.9833 | 31.6451 | 0.1338 | 0.0143 | 0.0046 | 0.9804 |
30 | 5.0450 | 0.5276 | 9.2999 | 0.0069 | 0.9885 | 18.3896 | 0.4247 | 0.0273 | 0.0068 | 0.9821 |
40 | 6.0632 | 0.4810 | 9.6951 | 0.0138 | 0.9987 | 1.2686 | 0.7399 | 0.0156 | 0.0122 | 0.9931 |
50 | 16.6411 | 0.2868 | 21.2648 | 0.0294 | 0.9986 | 0.0001 | 0.7861 | 0.1580 | 0.0216 | 0.9950 |
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Hu, P.; Chen, G. Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Adlay Bran. Molecules 2024, 29, 4707. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194707
Hu P, Chen G. Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Adlay Bran. Molecules. 2024; 29(19):4707. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194707
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Peng, and Guangjing Chen. 2024. "Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Adlay Bran" Molecules 29, no. 19: 4707. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194707
APA StyleHu, P., & Chen, G. (2024). Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Adlay Bran. Molecules, 29(19), 4707. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194707