Phenols in Leaves and Bark of Fagus sylvatica as Determinants of Insect Occurrences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sites Studied
2.2. Insect Sampling
2.3. Plant Material Sampling and Phenolic Content Estimation
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
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s/n | Site and Name Codes | Community Type | Co-Dominant and Sub-Dominant-Plant Species |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Aghioneri, Prespa, Mt Triclarion, Greece; Aghioneri_F | Fagus sylvatica monospecific forest | Fagus sylvatica (incl. F. moesiaca) |
2 | Aghioneri, Prespa, Mt Triclarion, Greece; Aghioneri_MD | Mixed beech forest with several co-dominant and sub-dominant deciduous tree species | Fagus sylvatica, Quercus frainetto, Q. cerris, Corylus avellana, Acer spp. (pseudoplatanus, campestre, obtusatum, tataricum), Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia; Colutea arborescens, Fraxinus ornus, Juniperus oxydedrus (sparse) |
3 | Bellavoda, Prespa, Mt Peristeri, Greece; Bellavoda_mixed beech forest | Mixed beech forest with co-dominance of Abies borisii regis | Fagus sylvatica, Abies borisii regis, Juniperus oxydedrus, Pteridium aquilinum in the openings |
4 | Fracto virgin forest, Drama, Greece; Fracto_FQ | Mixed beech forest with oaks | Fagus sylvatica, Quercus frainetto, Q. petraea |
Plant Tissue Analyzed | Compound or Leaf Type Analyzed* | Bellavoda_MC | Aghioneri_MD | Fracto_FQ | Aghioneri_F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bark | catechin | 6.5 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.7) | 5.4 (0.7) | 5.1 (1.4) |
Bark | cis-coniferin | 45.2 (5.2) | 25.2 (6.0) | 17.1 (2.1) | 18.3 (2.6) |
Bark | cis-isoconiferin | 61.1 (6.8) | 61.5 (9.6) | 38.1 (7.2) | 36.9 (2.5) |
Bark | cis-syringin | 62.3 (8.1) | 50.6 (6.0) | 55.3 (15.5) | 33.6 (6.7) |
Bark | R-glucodistylin | 8.9 (1.8) | 5.4 (0.5) | 4.1 (0.4) | 3.2 (0.3) |
Bark | S-glucodistylin | 11.1 (1.9) | 5.9 (1.4) | 8.5 (2.1) | 4.9 (0.6) |
Bark | taxifolin-xylopyranoside | 46.1 (5.4) | 37.0 (4.2) | 20.4 (2.0) | 13.6 (4.4) |
Leaves | Non infested | 69.2 (1.0) | 67.1 (1.2) | 68.7 (0.5) | 70.3 (0.8) |
Leaves | Infested | 76.9 (0.7) | 77.3 (1.2) | 73.8 (1.0) | 72.1 (0.9) |
Leaves | Small | 65.5 (0.9) | 65.7 (0.9) | 65.4 (1.0) | 65.5 (1.2) |
Leaves | Large | 73.4 (4.0) | 73.1 (5.5) | 71.3 (2.7) | 70.4 (1.7) |
Leaves | Unshaded | 82.1 (0.8) | 82.3 (0.7) | 83.9 (1.4) | 83.6 (0.6) |
Leaves | Shaded | 80.8 (0.7) | 80.4 (1.3) | 83.1 (0.6) | 81.6 (1.2) |
a | Standardized Discriminant Coefficient | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
F-statistic* | CDA 1 | CDA 2 | CDA 3 | |
cis-coniferin | 25.45 | 1.65 | 0.36 | −0.38 |
catechin | 42.29 | 0.52 | 0.88 | 0.57 |
cis-isoconiferin | – | – | – | – |
cis-syringin | 20.44 | 1.64 | 0.27 | −0.46 |
(2R,3R)-(+)-glucodistylin | 107.85 | −0.30 | −0.96 | 0.71 |
(2S,3S)-(–)-glucodistylin | – | – | – | – |
(2R,3R)-taxifolin-3-D-β-xylopyranosid | 30.80 | 0.59 | 0.28 | −0.81 |
b | Aghioneri_F | Aghioneri_MD | Bellavoda_MC | Fracto_FQ | % Correct |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aghioneri_F | 5 (4) | 0 | 0 | 0 (1) | 100 (80) |
Aghioneri_MD | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
Bellavoda_MC | 0 | 0 (1) | 5 (4) | 0 | 100 (80) |
Fracto_FQ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 100 |
Total | 5 (4) | 5 (6) | 5 (4) | 5 (6) | 100 (90) |
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Petrakis, P.V.; Spanos, K.; Feest, A.; Daskalakou, E. Phenols in Leaves and Bark of Fagus sylvatica as Determinants of Insect Occurrences. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 2769-2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12052769
Petrakis PV, Spanos K, Feest A, Daskalakou E. Phenols in Leaves and Bark of Fagus sylvatica as Determinants of Insect Occurrences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12(5):2769-2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12052769
Chicago/Turabian StylePetrakis, Panos V., Kostas Spanos, Alan Feest, and Evangelia Daskalakou. 2011. "Phenols in Leaves and Bark of Fagus sylvatica as Determinants of Insect Occurrences" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, no. 5: 2769-2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12052769