Quercetin and Epigallocatechin Gallate Induce in Vitro a Dose-Dependent Stiffening and Hyperpolarizing Effect on the Cell Membrane of Human Mononuclear Blood Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Biochemical and Inflammatory Profile of the Selected Patients
2.2. Evaluation of Q and EGCG Effect on PBMCs Membrane Parameters
2.2.1. Preliminary Experiments
2.2.2. Evaluation of Q and EGCG Concentration Effect on PBMC Membrane Parameters
2.2.3. Effect of 10 μM of Q and EGCG on PBMCs Membrane Properties
2.2.4. Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Materials and Devices
3.2. Study Design
- NGNC subgroup, n = 15, included normoglycemia (fasting plasma glucose, Gli < 110 mg/dL) normocholesterolemia (total cholesterol, TC < 200 mg/dL) subjects.
- NGHC subgroup, n = 10, included normoglycemia-hypecholesterolemia (TC > 200 mg/dL) patients.
- HGNC subgroup, n = 12, included hyperglycemia (Gli > 110 mg/dL) normocholesterolemia patients.
- HGHC subgroup, n = 14, included hyperglycemia-hypercholesterolemia patients.
3.3. Biological Samples
3.4. Methods
3.4.1. Fluorescence Anisotropy Measurements
3.4.2. Transmembrane Potential Evaluation
3.4.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
ALT | alanine aminotransferase |
AST | aspartate transaminase |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
DMSO | dimethylsulfoxide |
EGCG | epigallocatechin gallate |
Gli | fasting plasma glucose |
HbA1c | glycated haemoglobin |
HOMA-IR | homeostatic model analysis for insulin resistance |
ICAM-1 | intercellular adhesion molecule 1 |
MCP-1 | monocytechemoatractant protein-1 |
PBMCs | peripheral blood mononuclear cells |
Q | quercetin |
T2D | type 2 diabetes mellitus |
TC | total cholesterol |
TG | triglycerides |
TMA-DPH | 1-(4-trimethylammonium-phenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene p-toluensulfonate |
DiBAC4(3) | bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethineoxonol. |
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Biochemical parameters | NGNC (n = 15) | NGHC (n = 10) | HGNC (n = 12) | HGHC (n = 14) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gli (mg/dL) | 94.95 ± 8.25 | 90.74 ± 9.11 | 172.33 ± 82.07 *,a | 205.48 ± 115.21 *,a |
HbA1c (%) | 5.26 ± 0.45 | 5.80 ± 0.54 | 7.80 ± 1.67 *,a | 9.55 ± 0.21 *,a |
TC (mg/dL) | 167.29 ± 21.78 | 226.67 ± 16.72 *,b | 164.25 ± 22.92 | 232.91 ± 39.92 *,b |
TG (mg/dL) | 92.50 ± 39.92 | 123.11 ± 74.39 | 134.17 ± 38.32 | 146.10 ± 45.56 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 43.86 ± 9.69 | 49.83 ± 6.68 | 35.63 ± 8.21 | 52.39 ± 13.51 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 104.14 ± 17.73 | 148.67 ± 11.68 *,b | 91.60 ± 34.51 | 142.70 ± 24.21 *,b |
AST (U/L) | 24.43 ± 12.15 | 21.50 ± 4.11 | 20.90 ± 9.49 | 23.57 ± 8.67 |
ALT (U/L) | 26.71 ± 23.24 | 20.00 ± 10.72 | 28.90 ± 14.55 | 34.71 ± 27.56 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 29.62 ± 7.52 | 31.46 ± 12.82 | 51.20 ± 29.67 | 32.80 ± 19.31 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.97 ± 0.21 | 0.80 ± 0.21 | 1.33 ± 0.94 | 0.93 ± 0.24 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.57 ± 1.51 | 4.06 ± 1.01 | 5.44 ± 1.59 | 4.97 ± 1.25 |
Parameter | NG (n = 25) | HG (n = 26) |
---|---|---|
CRP (mg/L) | 1.64 ± 1.47 | 2.19 ± 2.84 |
ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 3.53 ± 1.14 | 3.77 ± 2.07 |
MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 156.63 ± 73.66 | 218.83 ± 107.58 * |
Insulin (μIU/mL) | 11.99 ± 1.87 | 15.12 ± 10.82 |
Resistin (ng/mL) | 103.39 ± 45.15 | 132.80 ± 29.42 * |
HOMA-IR | 2.80 ± 0.64 | 6.90 ± 4.71 * |
Inflammatory markers | NGNC (n = 15) | NGHC (n = 10) | HGNC (n = 12) | HGHC (n = 14) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CRP (mg/L) | 1.55 ± 1.36 | 1.84 ± 1.78 | 1.42 ± 1.38 | 2.86 ± 3.59 |
ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 3.44 ± 1.08 | 3.66 ± 1.29 | 3.91 ± 1.84 | 3.66 ± 2.31 |
MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 121.11 ± 47.78 | 206.36 ± 76.54 * | 177.27 ± 85.75 | 254.45 ± 114.35 * |
Parameter | NGNC (n = 15) | NGHC (n = 10) | HGNC (n = 12) | HGHC (n = 14) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Resistin (ng/mL) | 95.29 ± 47.46 | 111.50 ± 43.96 | 128.86 ± 28.49 * | 136.03 ± 31.15 * |
HOMA-IR | 2.96 ± 0.73 | 2.54 ± 0.38 | 6.53 ± 4.81 * | 7.27 ± 4.81 * |
Insulin (μIU/mL) | 12.50 ± 2.20 | 11.24 ± 0.88 | 14.38 ± 3.79 | 15.73 ± 14.54 |
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Margina, D.; Ilie, M.; Gradinaru, D. Quercetin and Epigallocatechin Gallate Induce in Vitro a Dose-Dependent Stiffening and Hyperpolarizing Effect on the Cell Membrane of Human Mononuclear Blood Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 4839-4859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044839
Margina D, Ilie M, Gradinaru D. Quercetin and Epigallocatechin Gallate Induce in Vitro a Dose-Dependent Stiffening and Hyperpolarizing Effect on the Cell Membrane of Human Mononuclear Blood Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(4):4839-4859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044839
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargina, Denisa, Mihaela Ilie, and Daniela Gradinaru. 2012. "Quercetin and Epigallocatechin Gallate Induce in Vitro a Dose-Dependent Stiffening and Hyperpolarizing Effect on the Cell Membrane of Human Mononuclear Blood Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 4: 4839-4859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044839