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Review

Dual Targeting and Retrograde Translocation: Regulators of Plant Nuclear Gene Expression Can Be Sequestered by Plastids

by
Kirsten Krause
1,
Svenja Oetke
2 and
Karin Krupinska
2,*
1
Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø 9037, Norway
2
Institute of Botany, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(9), 11085-11101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms130911085
Submission received: 17 July 2012 / Revised: 21 August 2012 / Accepted: 23 August 2012 / Published: 6 September 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Plant Biology)
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Abstract

Changes in the developmental or metabolic state of plastids can trigger profound changes in the transcript profiles of nuclear genes. Many nuclear transcription factors were shown to be controlled by signals generated in the organelles. In addition to the many different compounds for which an involvement in retrograde signaling is discussed, accumulating evidence suggests a role for proteins in plastid-to-nucleus communication. These proteins might be sequestered in the plastids before they act as transcriptional regulators in the nucleus. Indeed, several proteins exhibiting a dual localization in the plastids and the nucleus are promising candidates for such a direct signal transduction involving regulatory protein storage in the plastids. Among such proteins, the nuclear transcription factor WHIRLY1 stands out as being the only protein for which an export from plastids and translocation to the nucleus has been experimentally demonstrated. Other proteins, however, strongly support the notion that this pathway might be more common than currently believed.
Keywords: chloroplasts; protein targeting; retrograde signals; WHIRLY1 chloroplasts; protein targeting; retrograde signals; WHIRLY1

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MDPI and ACS Style

Krause, K.; Oetke, S.; Krupinska, K. Dual Targeting and Retrograde Translocation: Regulators of Plant Nuclear Gene Expression Can Be Sequestered by Plastids. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 11085-11101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms130911085

AMA Style

Krause K, Oetke S, Krupinska K. Dual Targeting and Retrograde Translocation: Regulators of Plant Nuclear Gene Expression Can Be Sequestered by Plastids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(9):11085-11101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms130911085

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krause, Kirsten, Svenja Oetke, and Karin Krupinska. 2012. "Dual Targeting and Retrograde Translocation: Regulators of Plant Nuclear Gene Expression Can Be Sequestered by Plastids" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 9: 11085-11101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms130911085

APA Style

Krause, K., Oetke, S., & Krupinska, K. (2012). Dual Targeting and Retrograde Translocation: Regulators of Plant Nuclear Gene Expression Can Be Sequestered by Plastids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(9), 11085-11101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms130911085

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