Effect of Opuntia humifusa Supplementation and Acute Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity and Associations with PPAR-γ and PGC-1α Protein Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Body Weight, Food Efficiency Ratio (FER) and Fat Tissue Weight
2.2. Changes in Serum Parameters and HOMA-IR
2.3. Skeletal Muscle PPAR-γ, PGC-1α, and GLUT-4 Protein Expressions
2.4. Correlation among Skeletal Muscle PPAR-γ, PGC-1α, and GLUT-4 Protein Expressions
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Animals and Exercise Protocol
4.2. Preparation of Experimental Diet
4.3. Serum Analysis
4.4. Western Blot Analysis
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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HS | HE | OS | OE | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Initial body weight (g) | 254.8 ± 3.66 | 255.4 ± 5.52 | 255.3 ± 2.46 | 254.7 ± 5.45 |
Final body weight (g) | 445.9 ± 13.21 | 454.7 ± 12.33 | 448.3 ± 9.70 | 444.9 ± 6.99 |
Food efficiency ratio | 0.23 ± 0.010 | 0.24 ± 0.010 | 0.23 ± 0.009 | 0.23 ± 0.011 |
Abdominal fat tissue (g) | 9.1 ± 0.80 | 8.2 ± 0.62 | 9.4 ± 0.66 | 8.7 ± 0.66 |
Epididymal fat tissue (g) | 8.5 ± 0.75 | 8.0 ± 0.83 | 8.6 ± 0.61 | 8.4 ± 0.43 |
HS | HE | OS | OE | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose (mg/dL) | 157.8 ± 5.05 | 122.1 ± 2.63 # | 119.1 ± 2.16 ** | 107.2 ± 5.99 §§ |
Insulin (ng/mL) | 3.7 ± 0.26 | 0.8 ± 0.12 ## | 2.5 ± 0.37 *,§§ | 0.4 ± 0.05 ##,§§ |
TG (mg/dL) | 52.4 ± 4.66 | 46.2 ± 3.42 | 30.9 ± 2.66 * | 77.0 ± 5.88 **,##,§§ |
FFA (mEq/L) | 319.4 ± 8.55 | 438.1 ± 13.81 # | 328.6 ± 21.80 §§ | 560.8 ± 29.48 **,##,§§ |
TC (mg/dL) | 77.1 ± 2.06 | 82.1 ± 5.80 | 68.5 ± 3.12 | 87.9 ± 4.63 # |
HDLC (mg/dL) | 23.4 ± 0.39 | 23.9 ± 0.70 | 23.9 ± 1.29 | 22.8 ± 0.94 |
Ingredients | Contents |
---|---|
moisture (% w/w) | 2.9 |
ash (% w/w) | 13.8 |
carbohydrate (g/100 g) | 46.6 |
crude protein (g/100 g) | 4.9 |
crude fat (g/100 g) | 3.1 |
fiber (g/100 g) | 28.9 |
Fe2+ (mg/g) | 5.8 |
Ca2+ (mg/100 g) | 2931.3 |
Mg2+ (mg/100 g) | 1227.9 |
K+ (mg/100 g) | 2155.5 |
Na+ (mg/100 g) | 30.9 |
P2+ (mg/100 g) | 653.2 |
Ingredients | High fat diet | 5% O. humifusa added diet |
---|---|---|
Casein | 200 | 197.6 |
Starch | 111 | 87.8 |
Sucrose | 370 | 370 |
Lard | 170 | 170 |
Corn oil | 30 | 28.4 |
Cellulose | 50 | 35.6 |
Vitamin mix. | 12 | 12 |
Mineral mix. | 42 | 42 |
Cholesterol | 10 | 10 |
d,l-methionine | 3 | 3 |
Choline barbiturate | 2 | 2 |
Tert-butylhydroquinone | 0.04 | 0.04 |
O. humifusa | · | 50 |
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Kang, J.; Lee, J.; Kwon, D.; Song, Y. Effect of Opuntia humifusa Supplementation and Acute Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity and Associations with PPAR-γ and PGC-1α Protein Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 7140-7154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047140
Kang J, Lee J, Kwon D, Song Y. Effect of Opuntia humifusa Supplementation and Acute Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity and Associations with PPAR-γ and PGC-1α Protein Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(4):7140-7154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047140
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Junyong, Junghun Lee, Daekeun Kwon, and Youngju Song. 2013. "Effect of Opuntia humifusa Supplementation and Acute Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity and Associations with PPAR-γ and PGC-1α Protein Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 4: 7140-7154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047140