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Volume 15
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10.3390/ijms150711832
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Review

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pseudoprogression, Radiation Necrosis and Brain Tumor Recurrence

by
Kashif Parvez
1,
Aatif Parvez
2 and
Gelareh Zadeh
1,*
1
Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
2
Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(7), 11832-11846; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150711832
Submission received: 31 March 2014 / Revised: 5 June 2014 / Accepted: 25 June 2014 / Published: 3 July 2014
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Metastasis 2014)
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Abstract

Radiation therapy is an important modality used in the treatment of patients with brain metastatic disease and malignant gliomas. Post-treatment surveillance often involves serial magnetic resonance imaging. A challenge faced by clinicians is in the diagnosis and management of a suspicious gadolinium-enhancing lesion found on imaging. The suspicious lesion may represent post-treatment radiation effects (PTRE) such as pseudoprogression, radiation necrosis or tumor recurrence. Significant progress has been made in diagnostic imaging modalities to assist in differentiating these entities. Surgical and medical interventions have also been developed to treat PTRE. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging modalities and provide an algorithm for the management of pseudoprogression, radiation necrosis and tumor recurrence.
Keywords: pseudoprogression; radiation necrosis; metastasis; glioma; recurrence pseudoprogression; radiation necrosis; metastasis; glioma; recurrence

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Parvez, K.; Parvez, A.; Zadeh, G. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pseudoprogression, Radiation Necrosis and Brain Tumor Recurrence. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 11832-11846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150711832

AMA Style

Parvez K, Parvez A, Zadeh G. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pseudoprogression, Radiation Necrosis and Brain Tumor Recurrence. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2014; 15(7):11832-11846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150711832

Chicago/Turabian Style

Parvez, Kashif, Aatif Parvez, and Gelareh Zadeh. 2014. "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pseudoprogression, Radiation Necrosis and Brain Tumor Recurrence" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, no. 7: 11832-11846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150711832

APA Style

Parvez, K., Parvez, A., & Zadeh, G. (2014). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pseudoprogression, Radiation Necrosis and Brain Tumor Recurrence. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15(7), 11832-11846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150711832

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