Effects of Monotypic and Binary Mixtures of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Microbial Growth in Sandy Soil Collected from Artificial Recharge Sites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Single NPs on Microbial Growth
Methods | Nanoparticle EC50 (mg/L) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
NiO | ZnO | Co3O4 | TiO2 | |
ATP | 87 (64.6–116.4) a | 11 (7.3–16.3) | 55 (44.6–66.1) | 530 (479.1–587.1) |
DHA | >300 | >300 | >300 | >1000 |
VCC | 277 (216.0–354.8) | 17.6 (12.74–24.30) | 127 (81.0–198.3) | >1000 |
2.2. Effects of Binary NP Mixtures on Microbial Growth
NPs (mg/L) | Metal Ion (mg/L) | NPs (mg/L) | Metal Ion (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
ZnO (10) | 0.60 ± 0.065 | NiO + TiO2 (70 + 500) | 2.024/0.054 |
Co3O4 (30) | 0.04 ± 0.015 | NiO + Co3O4 (70 + 30) | 2.524/0.042 |
NiO (70) | 2.95 ± 0.416 | ZnO + TiO2 (10 + 500) | 0.387/0.054 |
TiO2 (500) | 0.07 ± 0.016 | ZnO + Co3O4 (10 + 30) | 0.616/0.082 |
NiO + ZnO (70 + 10) | 2.23 ± 0.366 | TiO2 + Co3O4 (500 + 30) | 0.016/0.079 |
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Soil and Inoculant Source Characteristics
Parameter | Value | Soil Particle Size (mm) | Proportion (% wt.) |
---|---|---|---|
organic matter (%) | 0.30 | fine sand (<0.300) | 13.2 |
pH | 6.41 | medium sand (0.3–1.7) | 80.8 |
bulk density (g/cm3) | 1.647 | coarse sand (>1.7) | 6.0 |
porosity | 0.39 |
4.2. Experimental Setup for Microbial Growth and the Effects of NPs
4.3. Microbial Activity Measurement Based on ATP Content, DHA, and VCC
4.4. Statistical Analysis and Chemicals
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ko, K.-S.; Ha, K.; Kong, I.C. Effects of Monotypic and Binary Mixtures of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Microbial Growth in Sandy Soil Collected from Artificial Recharge Sites. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 27967-27977. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161126066
Ko K-S, Ha K, Kong IC. Effects of Monotypic and Binary Mixtures of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Microbial Growth in Sandy Soil Collected from Artificial Recharge Sites. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(11):27967-27977. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161126066
Chicago/Turabian StyleKo, Kyung-Seok, Kyoochul Ha, and In Chul Kong. 2015. "Effects of Monotypic and Binary Mixtures of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Microbial Growth in Sandy Soil Collected from Artificial Recharge Sites" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 11: 27967-27977. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161126066