The Mechanisms of Virulence Regulation by Small Noncoding RNAs in Low GC Gram-Positive Pathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Bacteria | Small RNA | Target mRNA | Protein Encoded in Target mRNA | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
S. pyogenes | PelRNA | speB | Cysteine protease | [1] |
emm | M protein | |||
sic | Streptococcal inhibitor of complement | |||
nga | NAD-glycohydrolase | |||
FasX | ska | Streptokinase | [9,10] | |
sagS | Streptolysin S | |||
fbp54 | Fibronectin binding protein | |||
mrp | M-related protein | |||
RivX | mga | Virulence regulator | [11] | |
S. pneumoniae | F20 | Not known | – | [12] |
F32 | – | F32 encodes a tmRNA | [12] | |
S. aureus | RNAIII | hla | α-hemolysin | [1,2,13] |
rot | Repressor of toxins | [14,15,16] | ||
sa1000 | Fibrinogen-binding protein | [1,15] | ||
spa | Protein A | [17] | ||
coa | Coagulase | [18] | ||
lytM | Peptidoglycan hydrolase | [19] | ||
map | MHCII analogous protein | [20,21] | ||
SprD | sbi | Immunoglobulin-binding protein | [22] | |
Psm-mec | agrA | Virulence regulator | [23] | |
ArtR | sarT | Transcriptional regulator of hla | [24] | |
L. monocytogenes | SreA | prfA | Virulence master regulator | [25] |
agrD | Precusor of autoinducer | |||
SreB | prfA | Virulence master regulator | [25] | |
LhrA | chiA | Chitinase | [26] | |
LhrC | lapB | Virulence adhesin | [6,27] | |
C. perfringens | VR-RNA | colA | Collagenase | [28,29,30,31] |
pfoA | Pore-forming toxin Perfringolysin A | |||
vrr | VirRS-regulated sRNA | |||
virT | The VirT sRNA | |||
virU | The VirU sRNA | |||
ccp | Cysteine protease α-clostripain | |||
VirX | pfoA | Pore-forming toxin Perfringolysin A | [31] | |
plc | Alpha-toxin phospholipase C | |||
colA | Collagenase | |||
VirU | vrr | VirRS-regulated sRNA | [31] | |
pfoA | Pore-forming toxin Perfringolysin A | |||
virT | The VirT sRNA | |||
VirT | pfoA | Pore-forming toxin Perfringolysin A | [31] | |
colA | Collagenase | |||
E. faecalis | Ef0408-0409 | Fst | Peptide toxin | [32] |
1.1. Streptococcus pyogenes
1.2. Streptococcus pneumoniae
1.3. Staphylococcus aureus
1.4. Listeria monocytogenes
1.5. Clostridium perfringens
1.6. Enterococcus faecalis
2. Common Features Shared by sRNAs in Gram-Positive Pathogens
2.1. Regulation Mechanisms by Small RNAs: Activation or Repression of Gene Expression
2.2. CU Repeats in sRNA:Target mRNA Interactions
2.3. Small RNAs as Effector Molecules of Two-Component Systems
2.4. Dual Function Riboswitch/sRNA
2.5. Small RNAs in Quorum Sensing System
2.6. Small RNAs in Toxin/Antitoxin System
2.7. The Involvement of Hfq in sRNA Activity
3. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pitman, S.; Cho, K.H. The Mechanisms of Virulence Regulation by Small Noncoding RNAs in Low GC Gram-Positive Pathogens. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 29797-29814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226194
Pitman S, Cho KH. The Mechanisms of Virulence Regulation by Small Noncoding RNAs in Low GC Gram-Positive Pathogens. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(12):29797-29814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226194
Chicago/Turabian StylePitman, Stephanie, and Kyu Hong Cho. 2015. "The Mechanisms of Virulence Regulation by Small Noncoding RNAs in Low GC Gram-Positive Pathogens" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 12: 29797-29814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226194