Mitochondria as Key Targets of Cardioprotection in Cardiac Ischemic Disease: Role of Thyroid Hormone Triiodothyronine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Triggers of Mitochondrial-Dependent Cardiomyocyte Death in Ischemia/Reperfusion
2.1. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Ischemia/Reperfusion
2.2. The p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Intracellular Signaling
TH Inhibits p38MAPK under Stress Conditions
2.3. Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
2.3.1. p53 and Cardiomyocyte Death: Direct Action
2.3.2. p53 Regulation of Mitochondrial Morphology
2.3.3. p53 Effect on Mitophagy
3. Promoters of Mitochondria-Mediated Cardioprotection in Ischemia/Reperfusion
3.1. The Reperfusion Injury Salvage Pathway
Role of Thyroid Hormone in the Activation of Reperfusion Injury Salvage Pathway
3.2. Inhibition of p53 Signaling
Role of Thyroid Hormone in the Inhibition of p53 Signaling
3.3. Targeting Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress
Role of Thyroid Hormone in the Inhibition of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress
3.4. Inhibition of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening
Role of TH in the Inhibition of Permeability Transition Pore Opening
3.5. Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Thyroid Hormone Is Key Regulator of Mitochondrial Biogenesis
3.6. MicroRNAs
Role of Thyroid Hormone in the Regulation of Cardioprotective miRNA
4. Closing Remarks and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
AMI | acute myocardial infarction |
CypD | Cyclophilin D |
DRP1 | dynamin-related protein |
GSK3β | glycogen synthase kinase 3-β |
HIF1α | Hypoxia inducible factor 1 α |
IRI | ischemia/reperfusion injuries |
Low T3 syndrome | Low-T3S |
mitoK-ATP | mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channel |
mtTFA | mitochondrial transcription factor A |
Park | parkin |
PGC1-α | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α |
PTPO | permeability transition pore opening |
P38MAPK | P38 mitogen activated protein kinase |
RISK | reperfusion injury salvage kinase |
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Forini, F.; Nicolini, G.; Iervasi, G. Mitochondria as Key Targets of Cardioprotection in Cardiac Ischemic Disease: Role of Thyroid Hormone Triiodothyronine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 6312-6336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16036312
Forini F, Nicolini G, Iervasi G. Mitochondria as Key Targets of Cardioprotection in Cardiac Ischemic Disease: Role of Thyroid Hormone Triiodothyronine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(3):6312-6336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16036312
Chicago/Turabian StyleForini, Francesca, Giuseppina Nicolini, and Giorgio Iervasi. 2015. "Mitochondria as Key Targets of Cardioprotection in Cardiac Ischemic Disease: Role of Thyroid Hormone Triiodothyronine" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 3: 6312-6336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16036312