Phytochemical Characterization of Chinese Bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) of 17 Cultivars and Their Antioxidant Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Basic Quality Indexes of Different Bayberry Cultivars
Cultivars (Abbreviation) | Color (CIRG) | Weight (g) | Edible Rate (%) | TSS (°Brix) | Fructose * | Glucose * | Sucrose * | Citric Acid * | Malic Acid * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biqi (BQ) | 8.83 ± 0.24 | 11.5 ± 0.53 fg | 95.39 | 9.51 ± 0.19 f | 11.55 ± 0.78 cdef | 9.64 ± 0.57 c | 54.36 ± 0.93 ef | 9.17 ± 0.2 g | 0.68 ± 0.01 f |
Ciji (CJ) | 8.58 ± 0.15 | 14.02 ± 0.34 d | 96.5 | 11.41 ± 0.21 ab | 13.51 ± 1.22 ab | 11.26 ± 1.02 ab | 61.9 ± 1.24 b | 10.14 ± 0.09 f | 0.46 ± 0.04 ij |
Ding’ao (DA) | 6.78 ± 0.18 | 13.00 ± 0.54 def | 96.46 | 8.89 ± 0.12 gh | 11.16 ± 0.54 ef | 9.17 ± 0.9 c | 43.87 ± 2.59 g | 7.84 ± 0.07 j | 1.04 ± 0.00 b |
Dongkui (DK) | 7.51 ± 0.18 | 27.62 ± 0.86 a | 97.39 | 11.67 ± 0.17 a | 13.96 ± 0.54 ab | 11.96 ± 0.66 a | 65.44 ± 0.71 a | 10.51 ± 0.13 ef | 0.47 ± 0.03 hi |
Dayexidi (DYXD) | 7.65 ± 0.10 | 13.68 ± 0.25 de | 97.08 | 11.55 ± 0.21 ab | 14.64 ± 1.07 a | 11.85 ± 0.72 a | 65.85 ± 1.38 a | 8.27 ± 0.1 hi | 1.16 ± 0.04 a |
Fenhong (FH) | 4.41 ± 0.11 | 12.79 ± 0.52 def | 95.78 | 9.28 ± 0.1 fg | 10.84 ± 0.92 ef | 9.33 ± 0.45 c | 54.18 ± 2.32 ef | 9.49 ± 0.15 g | 0.39 ± 0.03 k |
Muyezhong (MY) | 6.06 ± 0.13 | 10.65 ± 0.22 g | 94.84 | 10.74 ± 0.2 cde | 14.66 ± 0.32 a | 12.27 ± 0.97 a | 56.72 ± 2.42 cde | 12.72 ± 0.08 b | 0.50 ± 0.00 h |
Shenhongzhong (SH) | 4.24 ± 0.11 | 13.74 ± 0.51 de | 96.07 | 9.68 ± 0.2 f | 12.49 ± 1.5 bcdef | 10.66 ± 0.31 abc | 57.72 ± 1.34 cde | 10.55 ± 0.15 e | 0.55 ± 0.01 g |
Shuijing (SJ) | 1.96 ± 0.02 | 9.04 ± 0.37 h | 95.02 | 8.74 ± 0.22 h | 11.27 ± 0.91 def | 9.98 ± 0.65 bc | 40.41 ± 0.27 h | 22.06 ± 0.23 a | 0.12 ± 0.00 l |
Shuimei (SM) | 5.92 ± 0.06 | 16.12 ± 0.4 c | 95.72 | 11.1 ± 0.21 bcd | 13.07 ± 1.5 abcd | 11.22 ± 1.32 ab | 56.15 ± 1.08 cde | 11.11 ± 0.21 c | 0.88 ± 0.03 c |
Tanmei (TM) | 7.71 ± 0.67 | 8.81 ± 0.18 h | 96.37 | 10.48 ± 0.15 e | 13.34 ± 0.80 abc | 12.28 ± 1.33 a | 65.6 ± 2.44 a | 10.64 ± 0.29 de | 0.48 ± 0.00 hi |
Wandao (WD) | 12.39 ± 0.24 | 12.39 ± 0.25 ef | 96.37 | 10.48 ± 0.15 e | 10.64 ± 0.93 f | 9.12 ± 0.58 c | 52.2 ± 3.34 f | 8.45 ± 0.06 h | 1.04 ± 0.01 b |
Wumei (WM) | 6.87 ± 0.17 | 11.58 ± 0.91 fg | 94.3 | 11.24 ± 0.12 abc | 14.65 ± 0.17 a | 11.90 ± 0.52 a | 54.54 ± 2.23 ef | 10.5 ± 0.59 ef | 0.04 ± 0.00 m |
Wuzi (WZ) | 6.32 ± 0.11 | 28.17 ± 0.97 a | 95.67 | 9.52 ± 0.21 f | 12.64 ± 0.96 bcde | 11.43 ± 0.82 ab | 55.52 ± 2.14 def | 10.94 ± 0.17 cd | 0.43 ± 0.01 j |
Xiaoyexidi (XYXD) | 7.75 ± 0.12 | 11.82 ± 0.47 fg | 96.19 | 10.77 ± 0.21 cde | 13.46 ± 0.60 ab | 11.94 ± 0.96 a | 59.71 ± 1.04 bc | 8.05 ± 0.10 ij | 0.75 ± 0.00 d |
Zaodamei (ZDM) | 6.40 ± 0.16 | 17.95 ± 0.42 b | 96.16 | 10.64 ± 0.20 de | 10.64 ± 1.78 f | 9.21 ± 1.28 c | 59.01 ± 3.44 bcd | 10.43 ± 0.06 ef | 0.71 ± 0.03 e |
Zaose (ZS) | 5.39 ± 0.10 | 12.39 ± 0.29 ef | 96.69 | 9.65 ± 0.12 f | 13.56 ± 0.61 ab | 12.33 ± 0.62 a | 54.19 ± 1.68 ef | 9.53 ± 0.17 g | 1.05 ± 0.00 b |
Cultivars | Total Phenolics | Total Flavonoids | DPPH | FRAP | ABTS | APC Index * | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BQ | 2531.18 ± 72.20 a | 1911.35 ± 26.42 a | 3157.59 ± 174.53 ab | 3614.01 ± 28.39 a | 4507.55 ± 33.35 a | 97.9 | 2 |
CJ | 2148.86 ± 35.28 c | 1483.14 ± 89.59 b | 2510.78 ± 55.7 def | 3019.99 ± 147.65 c | 2984.08 ± 14.51 d | 74.8 | 7 |
DA | 1947.04 ± 55.07 e | 1263.80 ± 27.14 cd | 2205.37 ± 92.49 fg | 2729.98 ± 95.25 e | 3050.47 ± 193.62 d | 69.5 | 9 |
DK | 1471.05 ± 20.71 i | 1051.65 ± 44.26 e | 1504.91 ± 90.28 hi | 1802.78 ± 14.45 h | 1946.99 ± 147.96 fg | 45.9 | 13 |
DYXD | 1908.72 ± 24.82 ef | 1252.81 ± 65.42 cd | 2316.82 ± 183.46 efg | 2880.52 ± 43.98 d | 3008.36 ± 236.19 d | 71.7 | 8 |
FH | 1325.83 ± 19.41 j | 1011.71 ± 39.35 e | 1305.07 ± 53.07 i | 1752.24 ± 55.23 h | 1673.71 ± 55.42 g | 41.5 | 16 |
MY | 2306.26 ± 42.31 b | 1804.85 ± 86.09 a | 2619.48 ± 94.32 de | 3202.69 ± 56.49 b | 3504.95 ± 89.42 c | 81.4 | 4 |
SH | 1349.16 ± 26.62 j | 1119.80 ± 105.65 de | 1311.04 ± 89.16 i | 1801.87 ± 41.82 h | 1847.15 ± 138.69 fg | 43.2 | 15 |
SJ | 1312.20 ± 59.71 j | 845.34 ± 79.21 f | 1279.50 ± 15.01 i | 1720.86 ± 56.96 h | 1632.33 ± 66.52 g | 40.6 | 17 |
SM | 1551.74 ± 41.60 h | 878.21 ± 70.59 f | 1762.73 ± 173.42 h | 2016.40 ± 69.88 g | 2171.34 ± 93.75 ef | 52.1 | 12 |
TM | 2072.14 ± 39.68 cd | 1824.19 ± 5.74 a | 2950.79 ± 284.32 bc | 3065.64 ± 51.26 c | 3933.76 ± 198.22 b | 86.6 | 3 |
WD | 2377.69 ± 45.35 b | 1598.33 ± 123.75 b | 3355.46 ± 158.57 a | 3602.48 ± 107.6 a | 4526.92 ± 223.96 a | 99.9 | 1 |
WM | 1658.89 ± 82.16 g | 1288.49 ± 58.99 cd | 2316.17 ± 153.83 efg | 2376.05 ± 81.51 f | 2420.67 ± 167.94 e | 62.7 | 11 |
WZ | 2039.46 ± 37.17 d | 1288.56 ± 41.21 c | 2736.93 ± 126.2 cd | 2712.93 ± 20.6 e | 3464.69 ± 214.17 c | 77.7 | 5 |
XYXD | 1704.40 ± 53.35 g | 1249.37 ± 104.5 cd | 2069.13 ± 185.65 g | 2426.73 ± 23.1 f | 2772.39 ± 187.48 d | 63.4 | 10 |
ZDM | 1836.98 ± 18.16 f | 1240.63 ± 42.51 cd | 2650.75 ± 240.6 cde | 2621.66 ± 56.55 e | 3462.83 ± 278.35 c | 76.0 | 6 |
ZS | 1345.83 ± 29.15 j | 851.27 ± 6.41 f | 1394.91 ± 67.01 i | 1788.08 ± 69.42 h | 1902.78 ± 67.05 fg | 44.4 | 14 |
2.2. Soluble Sugars and Organic Acids
2.3. Total Phenolics Total Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activities
2.4. Identification and Quantification of Individual Phenolics
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Fruit Materials
3.2. Chemicals and Reagents
3.3. General Analysis (Color, Fruit Weight, Edible Proportion and Total Soluble Sugar)
Chemical Structural | TR (min) | λmax (nm) | Molecular Weight | ESI-MS2 (m/s) * | Tentative Compounds | R1 | R2 | R3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthocyanins | ||||||||
9.86 | 276, 520 | 465 | 465.2, 303.1 | Dp-3–Hex | OH | OH | hexoside | |
12.96 | 280, 515 | 449 | 449.0, 287.1 | C-3–Gal | OH | H | galactoside | |
14.91 | 280, 515 | 449 | 449.8, 287.1, 288.1 | C-3–Glu | OH | H | glucoside | |
17.87 | 278, 501 | 433 | 433.1, 271.1, 272.1 | Pg-3–Glu | H | H | glucoside | |
19.58 | 278, 515 | 463 | 463.0, 300.1, 301.1 | Pn-3–Glu | OCH3 | H | glucoside | |
Flavonols | ||||||||
42.17 | 262, 349 | 464 | 463.1, 316.0, 317.0 | M-3–Rha | OH | OH | rhamnoside | |
42.94 | 256, 354 | 464 | 463.3, 301.1, 300.1 | Q-3–Gal | OH | H | galactoside | |
43.64 | 256, 353 | 464 | 463.3, 301.2, 300.1 | Q-3–Glu | OH | H | glucoside | |
47.55 | 265, 347 | 448 | 447.2, 285.0, 284.2 | K-3–Gal | H | H | galactoside | |
49.88 | 254, 349 | 448 | 447.2, 285.2, 284.1 | K-3–Glu | H | H | glucoside | |
50.55 | 256, 348 | 448 | 447.2, 301.2, 300.3 | Q-3–Rha | OH | H | rhamnoside | |
58.16 | 256, 349 | 616 | 615.1, 463.1, 317.0 | M-DH–G | OH | OH | deoxyhexoside-gallate |
Cultivars | Dp–Hex | C-3–Gal | C-3–Glu | Pg-3–Glu | Pn-3–Glu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BQ | 11.10 ± 0.52 ab | 13.71 ± 1.32 cde | 837.32 ± 36.95 b | 10.38 ± 0.56 a | 19.09 ± 0.91 ab |
CJ | 9.86 ± 0.50 cdefg | 11.35 ± 0.39 def | 636.49 ± 54.95 c | 9.32 ± 0.36 abcd | 15.04 ± 1.43 cd |
DA | 11.46 ± 0.35 a | 14.26 ± 0.24 cd | 513.02 ± 8.18 e | 10.05 ± 0.52 ab | 15.17 ± 0.83 cd |
DK | 9.37 ± 0.49 cdefg | 9.50 ± 0.52 g | 287.86 ± 9.68 g | 9.30 ± 0.52 abcd | 10.94 ± 0.65 fg |
DYXD | 10.41 ± 0.39 abcd | 10.72 ± 0.53 fg | 901.43 ± 20.97 a | 9.64 ± 0.27 abcd | 17.17 ± 0.62 bc |
FH | 8.69 ± 0.13 g | 8.75 ± 0.16 g | 74.55 ± 1.59 j | 8.65 ± 0.12 cd | 9.10 ± 0.16 g |
MY | 10.22 ± 0.61 bcde | 10.34 ± 0.71 g | 582.63 ± 15.32 cd | 9.72 ± 0.59 abcd | 11.68 ± 1.79 ef |
SH | 9.70 ± 0.67 cdefg | 9.70 ± 0.68 g | 143.71 ± 2.42 i | 9.56 ± 0.69 abcd | 10.70 ± 0.90 fg |
SJ | n.d. | n.d. | 9.34 ± 0.14 k | n.d. | n.d. |
SM | 9.05 ± 0.74 efg | 9.44 ± 0.82 g | 187.21 ± 5.27 hi | 9.47 ± 0.65 abcd | 9.69 ± 0.83 fg |
TM | 10.67 ± 0.7 abc | 11.81 ± 0.22 def | 829.20 ± 42.32 b | 9.54 ± 0.52 abcd | 20.48 ± 1.46 a |
WD | 9.60 ± 0.34 cdefg | 14.98 ± 1.80 c | 912.24 ± 84.84 a | 9.15 ± 0.53 bcd | 10.42 ± 0.78 fg |
WM | 9.35 ± 0.18 defg | 10.70 ± 0.15 fg | 294.31 ± 7.35 g | 9.81 ± 0.21 abc | 9.95 ± 0.12 fg |
WZ | 10.08 ± 0.48 bcdef | 35.35 ± 2.92 a | 537.98 ± 8.98 de | 9.78 ± 0.39 abc | 13.63 ± 1.34 de |
XYXD | 8.95 ± 0.45 fg | 9.22 ± 0.41 g | 391.54 ± 6.95 f | 8.83 ± 0.35 cd | 10.30 ± 0.89 fg |
ZDM | 8.67 ± 0.76 g | 23.20 ± 3.31 b | 340.02 ± 20.9 fg | 8.60 ± 0.69 d | 10.29 ± 1.31 fg |
ZS | 9.20 ± 0.36 defg | 9.90 ± 0.38 g | 223.06 ± 8.71 h | 9.18 ± 0.23 bcd | 10.65 ± 0.62 fg |
Cultivars | M-3–Rha | M-DH–G | Q-3–Gal | Q-3–Glu | Q-3–Rha | K-3–Gal | K-3–Glu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BQ | 50.33 ± 2.88 b | 1.87 ± 0.18 e | 74.47 ± 4.02 a | 9.11 ± 0.46 a | 49.70 ± 2.03 a | 4.26 ± 0.33 a | 4.32 ± 0.19 a |
CJ | 18.38 ± 1.45 fg | 1.08 ± 0.10 f | 35.07 ± 1.07 c | 4.03 ± 0.23 d | 20.15 ± 1.77 c | 2.11 ± 0.05 c | 1.59 ± 0.07 d |
DA | 61.50 ± 3.72 a | 1.21 ± 0.06 f | 0.19 ± 0.05 h | 3.53 ± 0.09 e | 51.73 ± 0.68 a | n.d. | 0.32 ± 0.05 g |
DK | 28.09 ± 1.84 e | 1.79 ± 0.08 e | 0.26 ± 0.02 h | 0.85 ± 0.05 gh | 6.89 ± 0.3 g | n.d. | 0.69 ± 0.03 f |
DYXD | 20.27 ± 0.33 f | 1.14 ± 0.09 f | 26.74 ± 0.45 d | 5.83 ± 0.19 b | 18.14 ± 0.29 c | 0.63 ± 0.03 e | 1.1 ± 0.04 e |
FH | 14.49 ± 0.61 gh | 1.10 ± 0.08 f | 0.25 ± 0.04 h | 0.57 ± 0.05 h | 8.37 ± 0.32 fg | n.d. | 0.8 ± 0.02 f |
MY | 40.40 ± 1.52 cd | 2.00 ± 0.19 e | 0.67 ± 0.14 h | 3.96 ± 0.25 d | 30.38 ± 0.75 b | n.d. | 1.09 ± 0.04 e |
SH | 19.73 ± 0.63 f | 1.13 ± 0.07 f | 0.44 ± 0.04 h | 0.79 ± 0.05 gh | 11.18 ± 0.19 e | n.d. | 0.98 ± 0.00 e |
SJ | 36.04 ± 1.33 d | 3.50 ± 0.18 c | 0.16 ± 0.01 h | 0.73 ± 0.09 gh | 6.94 ± 0.60 g | n.d. | 1.71 ± 0.06 d |
SM | 39.15 ± 2.86 d | 1.70 ± 0.10 e | 0.21 ± 0.01 h | 0.98 ± 0.05 g | 10.36 ± 0.43 ef | n.d. | 0.71 ± 0.03 f |
TM | 27.85 ± 1.47 e | 1.24 ± 0.08 f | 39.93 ± 1.71 b | 5.00 ± 0.1 c | 31.16 ± 2.26 b | 2.20 ± 0.08 bc | 2.42 ± 0.15 c |
WD | 40.28 ± 3.64 cd | 4.37 ± 0.38 b | 0.97 ± 0.11 h | 3.46 ± 0.32 e | 18.52 ± 1.61 c | 1.19 ± 0.08 d | 1.65 ± 0.13 d |
WM | 31.37 ± 1.91 e | 5.49 ± 0.15 a | 0.48 ± 0.02 h | 1.03 ± 0.08 g | 13.82 ± 0.43 d | 0.21 ± 0.01 f | 3.91 ± 0.07 b |
WZ | 38.53 ± 1.55 d | 1.32 ± 0.09 f | 0.28 ± 0.01 h | 1.77 ± 0.08 f | 19.29 ± 0.68 c | n.d. | 0.26 ± 0.01 g |
XYXD | 48.74 ± 0.28 b | 2.55 ± 0.15 d | 16.52 ± 0.29 e | 1.76 ± 0.13 f | 13.68 ± 0.21 d | 0.37 ± 0.04 f | 0.35 ± 0.04 g |
ZDM | 44.10 ± 2.52 c | 0.96 ± 0.05 f | 11.69 ± 0.48 f | 1.53 ± 0.15 f | 14.82 ± 0.6 d | 1.34 ± 0.04 d | 0.36 ± 0.03 g |
ZS | 10.73 ± 0.71 h | 4.41 ± 0.28 b | 5.89 ± 0.24 g | 0.13 ± 0.01 i | 3.31 ± 0.19 h | 2.35 ± 0.01 b | 0.25 ± 0.01 g |
3.4. Quantification of Individual Sugars and Organic Acids
3.5. Determination of Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids
3.6. Antioxidant Capacity Assays
3.7. HPLC-DAD and LC–ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, X.; Huang, H.; Zhang, Q.; Fan, F.; Xu, C.; Sun, C.; Li, X.; Chen, K. Phytochemical Characterization of Chinese Bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) of 17 Cultivars and Their Antioxidant Properties. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 12467-12481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612467
Zhang X, Huang H, Zhang Q, Fan F, Xu C, Sun C, Li X, Chen K. Phytochemical Characterization of Chinese Bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) of 17 Cultivars and Their Antioxidant Properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(6):12467-12481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612467
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xianan, Huizhong Huang, Qiaoli Zhang, Fangjuan Fan, Changjie Xu, Chongde Sun, Xian Li, and Kunsong Chen. 2015. "Phytochemical Characterization of Chinese Bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) of 17 Cultivars and Their Antioxidant Properties" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 6: 12467-12481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612467