Sex-Specific Patterns of Aberrant Brain Function in First-Episode Treatment-Naive Patients with Schizophrenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Demographic, Clinical and Head-Motion Characteristics
2.2. DC
Items | FESm (n = 61) | FESf (n = 63) | HCm (n = 50) | HCf (n = 52) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 24.31 (6.57) | 24.62 (6.82) | 24.80 (6.74) | 24.71 (6.98) | 0.982 |
Education years | 13.13 (2.49) | 12.94 (2.49) | 13.77 (2.91) | 13.40 (2.55) | 0.366 |
HM-tran (mm) | 0.13 (0.14) | 0.11 (0.13) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.10 (0.10) | 0.099 |
HM-rota (degree) | 0.12 (0.12) | 0.11 (0.14) | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.649 |
Total | 87.59 (17.07) | 89.27 (17.04) | – | – | 0.597 |
Positive | 14.74 (4.40) | 15.77 (4.24) | – | – | 0.200 |
Negative | 16.58 (7.73) | 14.85 (8.39) | – | – | 0.250 |
D/C | 9.12 (2.75) | 9.48 (2.96) | – | – | 0.497 |
Excited | 9.93 (3.85) | 11.32 (4.13) | – | – | 0.063 |
Depressed | 6.19 (3.08) | 6.12 (2.71) | – | – | 0.887 |
DUP (months) | 8.19 (8.97) | 5.50 (8.03) | – | – | 0.118 |
Age of Onset | 23.24 (6.65) | 23.76 (6.64) | – | – | 0.689 |
Comparisons | Regions | Voxels | t Value * | X, Y, Z |
---|---|---|---|---|
Interaction of sex and diagnosis | ||||
HCm > FESm | Putamen | 22 | 5.24 | 30, −3, −12 |
HCf > FESf | Middle Frontal Gyrus | 13 | 4.40 | −30, 12, 51 |
Main effect of diagnosis | ||||
HC > FES | Putamen | 63 | 4.60 | 36, −15, −6 |
Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 35 | 3.84 | 36, 3, 30 | |
Main effect of sex | ||||
Male > Female | Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 62 | 4.83 | −36, 36, 0 |
Superior Frontal Gyrus | 25 | 4.29 | 27, 33, 36 | |
Superior Frontal Gyrus | 35 | 3.89 | −21, 57, −15 | |
Posterior Cingulate Cortex | 16 | 3.84 | −6, −48, 24 | |
Female > Male | Inferior Parietal Lobule | 26 | −3.34 | −48, −36, 21 |
Thalamus | 99 | −3.35 | −9, −33, −3 | |
Thalamus | 65 | −3.38 | 9, −21, −6 | |
Insula | 24 | −3.41 | −39, −3, −6 |
2.3. Networks
2.4. ALFF
Comparisons | Regions | Voxels | t Value * | X, Y, Z |
---|---|---|---|---|
Interaction of sex and diagnosis | ||||
HCf > FESf | Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex | 58 | 4.51 | −6, 30, −24 |
Main effect of diagnosis | ||||
HC < FES | Putamen | 315 | 5.81 | 21, 15, −6 |
Putamen | 363 | 5.37 | −18, 15, −3 | |
HC > FES | Middle Temporal Gyrus | 52 | 4.84 | 45, −63, 24 |
Inferior Parietal Lobule | 27 | 4.06 | 48, −48, 42 | |
Posterior Cingulate Cortex | 38 | 3.99 | 0, −54, 12 | |
Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex | 34 | 3.61 | −3, 40, −21 | |
Main effect of sex | ||||
Male > Female | Inferior Parietal Lobule | 3709 | 9.61 | 54, −51, 48 |
Middle Frontal Gyrus | 257 | 6.06 | −45, 48, 18 | |
Cerebellar Tonsil | 56 | 5.24 | 12, −42, −51 | |
Middle Frontal Gyrus | 108 | 5.21 | 48, 48, 15 | |
Lingual Gyrus | 51 | 4.02 | −15, −102, −9 | |
Superior Temporal Gyrus | 53 | 5.20 | 57, 15, −6 | |
Insula | 51 | 4.70 | −39, −33, 12 | |
Female > Male | ParaHippocampal | 105 | 5.08 | 18, −12, −36 |
Hippocampus | 129 | 4.78 | 33, −33, −9 | |
Lentiform Nucleus | 731 | 6.41 | −15, 9, −3 | |
Cerebellum Posterior Lobe | 2966 | 6.49 | 39, −39, −45 |
2.5. Correlations of Regional Functional Characteristic with Clinical Profiles
3. Discussion
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Participants
4.2. MRI Data Acquisition
4.3. Image Preprocessing
4.4. DC Calculation
4.5. ALFF Calculation
4.6. Statistical Analysis
4.6.1. Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Data and Head-Motion Parameters
4.6.2. Voxel-Wise Comparison of DC Maps and ALFF Maps
4.7. Correlation Analysis
4.8. Network Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lei, W.; Li, M.; Deng, W.; Zhou, Y.; Ma, X.; Wang, Q.; Guo, W.; Li, Y.; Jiang, L.; Han, Y.; et al. Sex-Specific Patterns of Aberrant Brain Function in First-Episode Treatment-Naive Patients with Schizophrenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 16125-16143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160716125
Lei W, Li M, Deng W, Zhou Y, Ma X, Wang Q, Guo W, Li Y, Jiang L, Han Y, et al. Sex-Specific Patterns of Aberrant Brain Function in First-Episode Treatment-Naive Patients with Schizophrenia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(7):16125-16143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160716125
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Wei, Mingli Li, Wei Deng, Yi Zhou, Xiaohong Ma, Qiang Wang, Wanjun Guo, Yinfei Li, Lijun Jiang, Yuanyuan Han, and et al. 2015. "Sex-Specific Patterns of Aberrant Brain Function in First-Episode Treatment-Naive Patients with Schizophrenia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 7: 16125-16143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160716125