Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis: From Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) to Exosomal Biomarkers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Blood-Based PCa Biomarkers
2.1. Prostate Health Index (PHI)
2.2. Kallikrein Panel
3. Urine-Based PCa Biomarkers
3.1. PCA3
3.2. TMPRSS2:ERG Fusion Gene
4. miRNAs
5. Exosomal Biomarkers
6. Conclusions
Prostate health index Biomarkers measured: PSA, fPSA, [−2]proPSA Sample: serum Approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Related to PCa aggressiveness 4Kscore Biomarkers measured: PSA, fPSA, iPSA, hK2 Sample: serum The test provides information about the probability of having a high-risk PCa Recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Related to PCa aggressiveness PCA3 score Biomarkers measured: mRNA PCA3 in relation to mRNA PSA Sample: urine obtained after prostate massage Approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Inconclusive results about its relationship with PCa aggressiveness TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene Biomarkers measured: mRNA TMPRSS2:ERG in relation to mRNA PSA Sample: urine obtained after prostate massage Preliminary results miRNAs and other exosomal biomarkers Sample: blood and urine Directly related to development and progression of cancer No standardized methodology Preliminary results
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Body Fluid | miRNAs Analyzed | Methodology | Patients | Clinical Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mitchell et al. 2008 [61] | Serum | miR-100, -125b, -141, -143, -205, and -296 | qRT-PCR | 25 metastatic PCa and 25 matched healthy controls | AUC of 0.907 for miR-141 comparing PCa and healthy |
Mihelich et al. 2015 [63] | Serum | 21 miRNAs | qRT-PCR | 100 no treated PCa (50 low-grade, 50 high-grade) and 50 BPH | A panel combining let-7a, miR-103, -451, -24, -26b, -30c, -93, -106a, -223, -874, -146a, -125b, -100, -107 and -130b distinguish high-grade PCa from low-grade PCa and BPH |
Chen et al. 2012 [64] | Plasma | 1146 miRNAs, 8 selected miRNAs for validation study | Illumina’s Human miRNA microarray, qRT-PCR | Screening set: 17 BPH and 25 CaP. Validation set: 44 BPH, 54 healthy controls and 80 CaP | A panel combining miR-622, -1285, -30c, let-7e and let-7c discriminate CaP from BPH (AUC: 0.924) or healthy controls (AUC: 0.860) |
Moltzahn et al. 2011 [65] | Serum | 384 miRNAs, 12 miRs selected for validation study | multiplex qRT-PCR | 12 low-risk PCa, 12 intermediate-risk PCa, 12 high-risk PCa and 12 healthy controls | AUCs: miR-106a, 0.928; miR-1274, 0.928; miR-93, 0.907; miR-223, 0.876; miR-874, 0.845; miR-1207, 0.812; miR-24: 0.778. miR-93, -106a and -24 differentiate healthy and metastatic groups |
Salido-Guadarrama et al. 2016 [66] | urine obtained after prostate massage | 364 miRNAs | MicroRNA TaqMan Low Density Array, qRT-PCR | 73 patients with high-risk PCa and 70 patients with BPH | AUC for miR-100/200b signature was 0.738. Adding the miR-100/200b signature to a multivariate model based on age, DRE, total PSA and %fPSA the AUC increased from 0.816 to 0.876 |
Li et al. 2015 [92] | serum exosomes | miR-141 | qRT-PCR | Serum vs. exosomes cohort: 20 PCa, 20 BPH, 20 healthy controls | Serum exosomal miR-141 was significantly higher in PCa patients compared with BPH patients and healthy controls |
Huang et al. 2015 [93] | Plasma exosomes | let-7c, miR-30a/e, -99a, -1246, -1290, -16, -125a, and -375 | Illumina HiSeq2000 platform, qRT-PCR | Screening cohort: 23 CRPC patients. Follow-up cohort: 100 CRPC patients | Plasma exosomal miR-1290 and miR-375 were significantly associated with poor overall survival |
Bryzgunova et al. 2016 [94] | total extracellular vesicles and exosome-enriched fractions | miR-19b, -25, -125b, and -205 | qRT-PCR | 20 healthy controls and 14 untreated PCa patients | Detection of miR-19b versus miR-16 in total vesicles and exosome-enriched fractions achieved 100%/93% and 95%/79% specificity/sensitivity in distinguishing cancer patients from healthy individuals, respectively, demonstrating the diagnostic value of urine extracellular vesicles. miR-19b in total extracellular vesicles distinguishes cancer patients from healthy individuals with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 100% |
Samsonov et al. 2016 [95] | Urinary exosomes | miR-21, -107, -141, -221, -298, -326, -375, -432, -574, -2110, -625, -301a, -191 | qRT-PCR | 35 PCa patients and 35 healthy controls | miR-21, -141 and -574 were upregulated in PCa patients compared with healthy controls in urinary exosomes |
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Filella, X.; Foj, L. Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis: From Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) to Exosomal Biomarkers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111784
Filella X, Foj L. Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis: From Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) to Exosomal Biomarkers. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(11):1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111784
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilella, Xavier, and Laura Foj. 2016. "Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis: From Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) to Exosomal Biomarkers" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 11: 1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111784