Next Article in Journal
Future Prospects for Scaffolding Methods and Biomaterials in Skin Tissue Engineering: A Review
Next Article in Special Issue
Glucocorticoids Protect Neonatal Rat Brain in Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
Previous Article in Journal
Applications of Alginate-Based Bioinks in 3D Bioprinting
Previous Article in Special Issue
Serum Levels of Substance P and Mortality in Patients with a Severe Acute Ischemic Stroke
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 17
Issue 12
10.3390/ijms17121967
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke

by
Aldo Bonaventura
1,
Luca Liberale
1,
Alessandra Vecchié
1,
Matteo Casula
1,
Federico Carbone
1,
Franco Dallegri
1,2 and
Fabrizio Montecucco
1,2,3,*
1
First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
2
IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino—IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy
3
Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 9 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(12), 1967; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121967
Submission received: 5 October 2016 / Revised: 8 November 2016 / Accepted: 17 November 2016 / Published: 25 November 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurological Injuries’ Monitoring, Tracking and Treatment 2016)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

After an acute ischemic stroke (AIS), inflammatory processes are able to concomitantly induce both beneficial and detrimental effects. In this narrative review, we updated evidence on the inflammatory pathways and mediators that are investigated as promising therapeutic targets. We searched for papers on PubMed and MEDLINE up to August 2016. The terms searched alone or in combination were: ischemic stroke, inflammation, oxidative stress, ischemia reperfusion, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, autoimmunity. Inflammation in AIS is characterized by a storm of cytokines, chemokines, and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) released by several cells contributing to exacerbate the tissue injury both in the acute and reparative phases. Interestingly, many biomarkers have been studied, but none of these reflected the complexity of systemic immune response. Reperfusion therapies showed a good efficacy in the recovery after an AIS. New therapies appear promising both in pre-clinical and clinical studies, but still need more detailed studies to be translated in the ordinary clinical practice. In spite of clinical progresses, no beneficial long-term interventions targeting inflammation are currently available. Our knowledge about cells, biomarkers, and inflammatory markers is growing and is hoped to better evaluate the impact of new treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies and cell-based therapies.
Keywords: ischemic stroke; inflammation; biomarkers; neutrophils; injury; auto-antibodies ischemic stroke; inflammation; biomarkers; neutrophils; injury; auto-antibodies
Graphical Abstract

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bonaventura, A.; Liberale, L.; Vecchié, A.; Casula, M.; Carbone, F.; Dallegri, F.; Montecucco, F. Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121967

AMA Style

Bonaventura A, Liberale L, Vecchié A, Casula M, Carbone F, Dallegri F, Montecucco F. Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(12):1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121967

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bonaventura, Aldo, Luca Liberale, Alessandra Vecchié, Matteo Casula, Federico Carbone, Franco Dallegri, and Fabrizio Montecucco. 2016. "Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 12: 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121967

APA Style

Bonaventura, A., Liberale, L., Vecchié, A., Casula, M., Carbone, F., Dallegri, F., & Montecucco, F. (2016). Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(12), 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121967

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop