Advances in Lipidomics for Cancer Biomarkers Discovery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lipid Classes
3. Sample Preparation
4. Analytical Technology in Lipidomics
4.1. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS)
4.2. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight/Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS)
5. Lipidomics in Cancer Research
5.1. Lung Cancer
5.2. Breast Cancer
5.3. Prostate Cancer
5.4. Colorectal Cancer
5.5. Ovarian Cancer
5.6. Pancreatic Cancer
5.7. Gastric Cancer
5.8. Bladder Cancer
5.9. Esophageal Carcinoma
5.10. Kidney Cancer
5.11. Thyroid Cancer
6. Lipidomic Highlights in Cancer Research
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class of Lipids | Subclasses of Lipids | Structures |
---|---|---|
FAs | Saturated FAs, Mono-Unsaturated FAs, Poly-Unsaturated FAs (Arachidonic acid and derivatives), Hydroxy Fas | |
GLs | Monoacylglycerols, Diacylglycerols, Triacylglicerols (TGs) | |
GPLs | PC, PE, PG, PS, PI, PA, LPLs, Plasmalogens (ether phospholipids) | |
SLs | SM, Lyso SM, Ceramides, Cerebrosides, Gangliosides, Sulfatides | |
STLs | Sterols, Steroids, Steroid conjugates | |
PRLs | Isoprenoids, Quinones and Hidroquinones, Polyprenols | |
SCLs | Acylaminosugars, Acylaminosugars glycan, Acyltrehaloses | |
Lipid Class | Name of Lipid | Tumor Type | Sample Type | Up | Down | Diag. Factor | Prognostic Factor | Predictive Factor | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GPLs | PI arachidonate-containing phospholipids | Lung cancer (adenocarcinomas) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [46] |
GPLs | PC 32:0 | Lung cancer (adenocarcinomas) | Tissue | – | X | X | – | – | [46] |
PC 32:1 | |||||||||
PGs | |||||||||
FAs | free arachidonic acid | Lung cancer (adenocarcinomas) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [46] |
GPLs | PC 34:1 | Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Tissue | X* | – | X | – | – | [14] |
PC 36:2 | |||||||||
PC 36:3 | |||||||||
GPLs, SLs | PC 32:0 | Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Tissue | X* | – | X | – | – | [14] |
ST-OH 42:1 | |||||||||
m/z 906.89 | |||||||||
FAs | EPA | Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Tissue | X | X | – | – | X | [47] |
GPLs | SM 16:0/1 | Lung cancer (Different cancer type) | Serum | X | – | X | – | – | [48] |
LPC 18:1 | |||||||||
LPC 20:4 | |||||||||
LPC 20:3 | |||||||||
LPC 22:6 | |||||||||
GPLs | PI 38:3 | Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [49] |
PI 40:3 | |||||||||
PI 38:2 | |||||||||
SLs | SM 40:1 | Lung cancer (NSCLC) | Tissue | – | X | X | – | – | [49] |
SM 42:1 | |||||||||
SM 36:1 | |||||||||
GPLs, SLs | PC | Breast cancer NS | Tissue | X | – | – | X | – | [56] |
PE | |||||||||
PI | |||||||||
SMs | |||||||||
GPLs | PC 34:1 | Breast cancer (luminal, HER2+, and triple-negative) | Tissue | X* | – | X | – | – | [52] |
Palmitoyl carnitines, stearoyl carnitine GPLs, SLs | PC16:0/16:0 | Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 model) | Tissue | X* | – | X | – | – | [60] |
PC16:0/18:1 | |||||||||
PC18:1/18:1 | |||||||||
PC18:0/18:1 | |||||||||
PC16:0/22:1 | |||||||||
SMd18:1/16:0 | |||||||||
GPLs | PI18:0/20:4 | Breast cancer NS | Urine | – | X | X | – | – | [53] |
GPLs | PS (18:1/18:1 18:2/18:0) | Breast cancer NS | Urine | X | – | X | – | – | [53] |
GPLs | PI 18:0/18:1 | Breast cancer NS | Tissue | X* | – | X | X | – | [54] |
PI 18:0/20:3 | |||||||||
GPLs | PCs | Breast cancer (mammary epithelial and breast cancer ) | Cell lines | X | X | X | X | – | [58] |
PI 22:5/18:0 | |||||||||
PI 18:0/18:1 | |||||||||
GPLs | PS 18:0/20:4 | Breast cancer NS | Cell lines | X | – | – | X | X | [59] |
PI 18:0/20:4 | |||||||||
PC 18:0/20:4 | |||||||||
GPLs | PIs | Breast cancer NS | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [115] |
PEs | |||||||||
PCs | |||||||||
LPCs | |||||||||
GLs | TGs containing C18:1 fatty acyl chains | Breast cancer NS | Serum | – | X° | – | – | X | [61] |
FAs | linoleic acid (C18:2) | Breast cancer NS | Serum | – | X° | – | – | X | [62] |
GPLs | PS 18:0/18:1 | Prostate cancer NS | Urine | X | – | X | – | – | [64] |
PS 16:0/22:6 | |||||||||
GPLs | PS 18:1/18:0 | Prostate cancer NS | Urine | – | X | X | – | – | [64] |
PS 18:0/20:5 | |||||||||
GPLs | PI 18:0/18:1 | Prostate cancer NS | Tissue | X* | – | X | – | – | [68] |
PI 18:0/20:3 | |||||||||
PI 18:0/20:2 | |||||||||
GPLs | LPC 16:0/OH | Localized prostate cancer | Tissue | – | X* | X | – | – | [69] |
SM d18:1/16:0 | |||||||||
GPLs | LPC 16:0/OH | Localized prostate cancer | Tissue | – | X* | – | X | – | [69] |
GPLs | PC 40:3 | Newly diagnosed Prostate cancer | Serum | X§ | – | X | – | – | [70] |
PC 42:4 | |||||||||
GPLs | PC 39:6 | Prostate cancer NS | Serum | X§ | – | X | – | – | [71] |
FAs | FA 22:3 | ||||||||
GPLs | LPC 18:1 | Colorectal cancer NS | Plasma | – | X | X | – | – | [72] |
LPC 18:2 | |||||||||
GPLs | PC/PE ratio | Colorectal cancer (pT 3 stage, various grades (G2, G3)) | Cell lines | X | – | – | X | – | [73] |
GPLs | PC 16:0/16:1 | Colorectal cancer NS | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [74] |
GPLs | PC 16:0/18:1 | Colorectal cancer NS | Tissue | X* | – | X | – | – | [75] |
LPC 16:0 | |||||||||
LPC 18:1 | |||||||||
GPLs | PE 38:6 | Colorectal cancer liver metastasis | Tissue | X* | – | X | – | – | [77] |
PE 40:4 | |||||||||
FAs | n-3 PUFAs | Colorectal cancer NS | Red blood cell | – | X | X | – | – | [78] |
FAs | n-6-PUFA/n-3-PUFA | Colorectal cancer NS | Red blood cell | X | – | X | – | – | [78] |
GPLs | LPC | Ovarian cancer NS | Plasma | X | – | X | – | – | [79] |
GPLs | PC | Ovarian cancer NS | Plasma | – | X | X | – | – | [79] |
TG | |||||||||
GLs | TGs 50:2 50:1 | Epithelial ovarian cancer | Cell lines | X | – | – | X | – | [81] |
52:2 54:4 54:3 | |||||||||
GPLs | PC 32:3 | Ovarian cancer NS | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [80] |
PC 34:1 | |||||||||
PC 36:2 | |||||||||
GPLs | LPA 16:0 | Ovarian cancer NS | Plasma | X | – | X | – | – | [82] |
LPA 20:4 | |||||||||
GPLs | LPA | Ovarian cancer and other gynecological cancers | Serum/Plasma | X | – | X | – | – | [83,84,86] |
GPLs | LPA 16:0 | Ovarian cancer and other gynecological cancers | Plasma | X | – | X | – | – | [85] |
LPA 18:2 | |||||||||
LPA18:1 | |||||||||
LPA18:0 | |||||||||
LPI 16:0 | |||||||||
LPI 18:0 | |||||||||
LPI 20:4 | |||||||||
GPLs | LPA | Benign and malignant ovarian cancer | Plasma | X | – | X | X | – | [87] |
GPLs | LPA | Benign and malignant ovarian cancer | Plasma | X | – | X | – | – | [88] |
GPLs | Plasmalogen phospatidylethanol, PC, plasmalogen PC, SM and LPC | Benign and malignant ovarian cancer | X | – | X | – | – | [89] | |
SLs | Ceramides species (C16:0 and C24:1) | Metastatic pancreatic cancer | Tissue/Plasma | X | – | X | X | – | [91] |
SLs | C18:0 | Metastatic pancreatic cancer | Tissue/Plasma | – | X | X | – | – | [91] |
C20:0 | |||||||||
C22:0 | |||||||||
C24:0 | |||||||||
C24:1 | |||||||||
SLs | C16:0 | Metastatic pancreatic cancer | Tissue/Plasma | X | – | X | X | – | [91] |
C20:0 | |||||||||
C22:0 | |||||||||
C24:0 | |||||||||
C24:1 | |||||||||
GPLs | LPA | Pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells | Cell lines | X | – | X | – | – | [94] |
FAs | MUFA | Pancreatic cancer NS | Plasma | X | – | X | – | – | [95] |
GPLs | PC16:0/18:1 | Gastric cancer NS | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [97] |
GPLs | LPC 16:0 | Gastric cancer NS | Tissue | – | X | X | – | – | [97] |
GPLs | PS 18:0/18:1 | Bladder Cancer NS | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [100] |
GPLs | PI 18:0/20:4 | Bladder cancer | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [100] |
GPLs | PS 18:0/18:1 | Bladder cancer (Model of human invasive bladder cancer) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [101] |
GPLs | PG 18:1/18:1 | Bladder cancer (Model of human invasive bladder cancer) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [101] |
GPLs | PI 16:0/18:1 | Bladder cancer (Model of human invasive bladder cancer) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [101] |
GPLs | PI 18:0/18:1 | Bladder cancer (Model of human invasive bladder cancer) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [101] |
– | PS 18:1/18:1 | Bladder cancer (Model of human invasive bladder cancer) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [101] |
GPLs | Octanoylcarnitine LPC 16:1 Decanoylcarnitine | Esophageal cancer (ESCC) | Plasma | X | – | X | – | X | [105] |
GPLs | PC 16:0/16:1 | Esophageal cancer (OSCC) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [107] |
GPLs | PC 18:1/20:4 | Esophageal cancer (OSCC) | Tissue | – | X | X | – | – | [107] |
GPLs | PS | Esophageal cancer (ESCC) | Plasma | X | – | X | – | – | [106] |
PA | |||||||||
PC | |||||||||
PI | |||||||||
PE | |||||||||
GLs SLs | PE (P-16:0e/0:0) ganglioside GM3 (d18:1/22:1) sphinganine C17 SMd18:0/16:1(9Z) | Kidney cancer NS | Serum | X | – | X | – | – | [112] |
GPLs STLs Gls | PC | Kidney cancer NS | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [114] |
Plasmalogens | |||||||||
Cholesterol esters | |||||||||
TGs | |||||||||
GPLs | PE | Kidney cancer NS | Tissue | – | X | X | – | – | [114] |
FAs | Unsaturated FAs | ||||||||
GPLs | PL | Kidney cancer NS | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [55] |
PE 36:1 | |||||||||
PC 38:4 | |||||||||
PC 36:2 | |||||||||
PC 32:0 | |||||||||
GPLs | PE 34:2 | Kidney cancer NS | Tissue | – | X | X | – | – | [55] |
PE 36:4 | |||||||||
PE 38:4 | |||||||||
PC 34:1 | |||||||||
PC34:2 | |||||||||
PC 36:4 | |||||||||
PI36:4 | |||||||||
GPLs | PI18:0/20:4 | Kidney cancer NS | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [116] |
PI22:4/18:0 | |||||||||
PS18:0/18:1 | |||||||||
PG18:1/18:1 | |||||||||
FAs | FA12:0 | Kidney cancer (Human papillary renal carcinoma) | Tissue | – | X | X | – | – | [116] |
GPLs | PC 16:0/18:1 | Thyroid cancer (Thyroid papillary cancer) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [118] |
PC 16:0/18:2 | |||||||||
SLs | SMd18:0/16:1 | Thyroid cancer (Thyroid papillary cancer) | Tissue | X | – | X | – | – | [118] |
GPLs | PC 34:1 | Malignant and benign thyroid cancer | Tissue/serum | X | – | X | X | – | [119] |
PC 36:1 | |||||||||
PC 32:0 | |||||||||
GPLs | PA 36:62 | Malignant and benignant thyroid cancer | Tissue/serum | X | – | X | X | – | [119] |
PA 36:3 | |||||||||
PA 38:4 | |||||||||
PA 38:5 | |||||||||
PA 40:5 |
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Perrotti, F.; Rosa, C.; Cicalini, I.; Sacchetta, P.; Del Boccio, P.; Genovesi, D.; Pieragostino, D. Advances in Lipidomics for Cancer Biomarkers Discovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121992
Perrotti F, Rosa C, Cicalini I, Sacchetta P, Del Boccio P, Genovesi D, Pieragostino D. Advances in Lipidomics for Cancer Biomarkers Discovery. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(12):1992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121992
Chicago/Turabian StylePerrotti, Francesca, Consuelo Rosa, Ilaria Cicalini, Paolo Sacchetta, Piero Del Boccio, Domenico Genovesi, and Damiana Pieragostino. 2016. "Advances in Lipidomics for Cancer Biomarkers Discovery" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 12: 1992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121992