Cissus sicyoides: Pharmacological Mechanisms Involved in the Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiarrheal Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
Sex | Treatment (p.o.) | Dose (mg/kg) | Liver | Heart | Lung | Kidney | Spleen | Deaths |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
♂ | Vehicle | – | 13.80 ± 0.20 | 3.99 ± 0.07 | 4.30 ± 0.12 | 6.47 ± 0.12 | 3.18 ± 0.16 | 0 |
HECS | 5000 mg/kg | 14.09 ± 0.17 | 3.97 ± 0.11 | 4.26 ± 0.18 | 6.78 ± 0.19 | 3.10 ± 0.18 | 0 | |
♀ | Vehicle | – | 13.90 ± 0.36 | 4.14 ± 0.08 | 5.13 ± 0.20 | 5.99 ± 0.19 | 3.38 ± 0.11 | 0 |
HECS | 5000 mg/kg | 13.63 ± 0.16 | 4.09 ± 0.09 | 4.81 ± 0.27 | 5.81 ± 0.09 | 3.28 ± 0.13 | 0 |
Treatment (p.o.) | Dose (mg/kg) | Time to Initial Evacuation (min) | Evacuation Classification | Inhibition (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Semi-Solid | Liquid | ||||
Vehicle | – | 86.88 ± 23.26 | 1.88 ±.0.48 | 2.37 ± 0.26 | 6.00 ± 0.66 | – |
Loperamide | 10 | 217.90 ± 18.93 *** | 0.00 ± 0.00 * | 0.50 ± 0.26 ** | 0.33 ± 0.34 *** | 89 |
HECS | 125 | 115.10 ± 10.18 | 1.29 ± 0.64 | 1.00 ± 0.43 | 5.33 ± 0.55 | – |
HECS | 250 | 173.40 ± 29.43 * | 1.88 ± 0.67 | 1.01 ± 0.26 | 4.28 ± 0.25 * | 54 |
HECS | 500 | 189.11 ± 24.95 * | 1.75 ± 0.55 | 1.05 ± 0.31 | 2.66 ± 0.67 ** | 67 |
Treatment (p.o.) | Dose (mg/kg) | Distance Moved by Charcoal | Inhibition (%) | Intestinal Fluid (g) | Inhibition (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vehicle | – | 1.00 ± 0.04 | – | 1.01 ± 0.06 | – |
Loperamide | 10 | 0.53 ± 0.04 ** | 47% | 0.56 ± 0.07 *** | 45% |
HECS | 125 | 0.94 ± 0.03 | – | 0.87 ± 0.08 | – |
HECS | 250 | 0.89 ± 0.03 | – | 0.77 ± 0.07 | – |
HECS | 500 | 0.81 ± 0.05 * | 19% | 0.60 ± 0.08 ** | 40% |
Pretreatment | Treatment | Distance Moved by Charcoal | Inhibition (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Saline 0.9% i.p | Vehicle | 0.80 ± 0.03 | – |
Saline 0.9% i.p | Morphine 2.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 0.59 ± 0.03 ** | 26% |
Saline 0.9% i.p | HECS 500 mg/kg, p.o. | 0.65 ± 0.03 * | 20% |
Naloxone 15 mg/kg, i.p | Vehicle | 0.96 ± 0.04 | – |
Naloxone 15 mg/kg, i.p | Morphine 2.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 0.86 ± 0.02 ns | – |
Naloxone 15 mg/kg, i.p | HECS 500 mg/kg, p.o. | 0.77 ± 0.04 *** | 20% |
Saline 0.9% i.p | Vehicle | 0.80 ± 0.02 | – |
Saline 0.9% i.p | Clonidine 0.1 mg/kg, p.o. | 0.39 ± 0.03 *** | 49% |
Saline 0.9% i.p | HECS 500 mg/kg, p.o. | 0.65 ± 0.03 ** | 19% |
Yohimbine 1 mg/kg, i.p | Vehicle | 1.00 ± 0.04 | – |
Yohimbine 1 mg/kg, i.p | Clonidine 0.1 mg/kg, p.o. | 0.87 ± 0.04 ns | – |
Yohimbine 1 mg/kg, i.p | HECS 500 mg/kg, p.o. | 0.77 ± 0.03 ** | 22% |
Induction (Diarrhea) | Treatment | Dose (mg/kg) | Intestinal Fluid (g) | Inhibition (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PGE2 100 µg/kg, p.o. | Vehicle (p.o.) | – | 0.58 ± 0.03 | – |
Loperamide (p.o.) | 10 | 0.32 ± 0.03 *** | 46% | |
HECS (p.o.) | 500 | 0.41 ± 0.03 ** | 29% | |
l-arginine 600 mg/kg, i.p | Vehicle (p.o.) | – | 0.91 ± 0.05 | – |
l-NAME (i.p.) | 10 | 0.64 ± 0.04 * | 30% | |
HECS (p.o.) | 500 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | – |
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Drugs and Chemicals
3.2. Plant Material and Extraction
3.3. Chemical Fingerprint of 70% EtOH by HPLC-PDA-ESI-IT-MS
3.4. Animals
3.5. Acute Toxicity and Hippocratic Screening
3.6. Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity: Xylene-Induced Ear Edema
3.7. Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity: Arachidonic Acid-Induced Ear Edema
3.8. Determination of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Level in Arachidonic Acid-Induced Ear Edema
3.9. Antidiarrheal Activity: Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhea
3.10. Castor Oil-Induced Intestinal Fluid Accumulation
3.11. Castor Oil-Induced Intestinal Transit
3.12. Determination of Mechanisms of Action Involved in the Antidiarrheal Effect: Involvement of Opioid Receptors in the Intestinal Transit
3.13. Involvement of Presynaptic α2-Adrenergic Receptors in the Intestinal Transit
3.14. Involvement of Muscarinic Receptors in the Intestinal Transit
3.15. Involvement of NO in the Intestinal Fluid Accumulation
3.16. PGE2-Induced Intestinal Fluid Accumulation
3.17. Phasic Contractions Induced by Carbachol or KCl in Isolated Ileum in Vitro
3.18. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Beserra, F.P.; De Cássia Santos, R.; Périco, L.L.; Rodrigues, V.P.; De Almeida Kiguti, L.R.; Saldanha, L.L.; Pupo, A.S.; Da Rocha, L.R.M.; Dokkedal, A.L.; Vilegas, W.; et al. Cissus sicyoides: Pharmacological Mechanisms Involved in the Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiarrheal Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020149
Beserra FP, De Cássia Santos R, Périco LL, Rodrigues VP, De Almeida Kiguti LR, Saldanha LL, Pupo AS, Da Rocha LRM, Dokkedal AL, Vilegas W, et al. Cissus sicyoides: Pharmacological Mechanisms Involved in the Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiarrheal Activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(2):149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020149
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeserra, Fernando Pereira, Raquel De Cássia Santos, Larissa Lucena Périco, Vinicius Peixoto Rodrigues, Luiz Ricardo De Almeida Kiguti, Luiz Leonardo Saldanha, André Sampaio Pupo, Lúcia Regina Machado Da Rocha, Anne Lígia Dokkedal, Wagner Vilegas, and et al. 2016. "Cissus sicyoides: Pharmacological Mechanisms Involved in the Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiarrheal Activities" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 2: 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020149