Induction of Apoptosis by PQ1, a Gap Junction Enhancer that Upregulates Connexin 43 and Activates the MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mammary Carcinoma Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Morphology and Growth Characteristics of Female Mammary Carcinoma Cells (FMC2u)
2.2. Protein Phenotype of FMC2u Cells
2.3. Effects of Treatment with Gap Junction Enhancers
2.4. Cellular Proliferation and Viability
2.5. Connexin Expression
2.6. Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication (GJIC)-Dependent Effect: GJIC and Connexin Protein Binding
2.7. GJIC-Independent Effect: MAPK Signaling
2.8. The Effects of Modulating Connexin 43 Protein Expression
2.9. Cellular Proliferation and Viability
2.10. GJIC-Dependent Effect: GJIC and Connexin Protein Binding
2.11. GJIC-Independent: MAPK Signaling
3. Discussion
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Ethics Statement
4.2. Establishment of Cell Cultures
4.3. Media Test
4.4. Cell Doubling Time
4.5. Colony Formation
4.6. Migration Assay
4.7. Invasion Assay
4.8. Cell Recovery
4.9. Antibodies
4.10. Western Blot Assay
4.11. Immunoprecipitation Assay
4.12. Treatment with Gap Junction Enhancers
4.13. Overexpression and Silencing of Connexins
4.14. Proliferation and Viability
4.15. Scrape Load Dye Transfer
4.16. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shishido, S.N.; Nguyen, T.A. Induction of Apoptosis by PQ1, a Gap Junction Enhancer that Upregulates Connexin 43 and Activates the MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mammary Carcinoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020178
Shishido SN, Nguyen TA. Induction of Apoptosis by PQ1, a Gap Junction Enhancer that Upregulates Connexin 43 and Activates the MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mammary Carcinoma Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(2):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020178
Chicago/Turabian StyleShishido, Stephanie N., and Thu A. Nguyen. 2016. "Induction of Apoptosis by PQ1, a Gap Junction Enhancer that Upregulates Connexin 43 and Activates the MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mammary Carcinoma Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 2: 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020178