G-Protein-Coupled Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors and Their Regulation of AKT Signaling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. LPA Receptors 1-3 (The EDG Family)
3. LPA Receptors 4-6 (The Non-EDG Family)
Receptor | Species | Major Expression Sites | Biological Functions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
LPA1 | Mouse | Brain, heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys, spleen, uterus, testes | Neurodevelopment regulation; neural cell proliferation, differentiation and migration; astrocyte proliferation | [1,5,20,38,55,56] |
Human | Brain, heart, lungs, stomach, intestine, placenta, kidneys, spleen, uterus, testis | |||
LPA2 | Mouse | Kidney, uterus, brain, testes | Cell survival; cell migration; immune system regulation | [1,5,23,43,55,56] |
Human | Leukocytes, spleen, thymus, pancreas, brain, prostate, testes | |||
LPA3 | Mouse | Lungs, kidney, uterus, small intestine, testes | Male and female reproductive system regulation; embryo implantation | [1,5,25,55,56] |
Human | Heart, testes, prostate, pancreas, brain | |||
LPA4 | Mouse | Heart, skin, ovary, thymus, lungs, kidney | Blood and lymphatic vessel development; neurite retraction; cell adhesion | [17,60,66,67,71] |
Human | Ovary, thymus, brain, heart, testes, prostate, spleen | |||
LPA5 | Mouse | Heart, lung, stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen, platelets, mast cells | Neurite retraction; inhibition of cell migration; calcium level regulation; water absorption; platelet activation; mast cell activation | [60,66,67,70] |
Human | Heart, small intestine, colon, liver, spleen | |||
LPA6 | Mouse | Hair, skin | Hair development | [66,70,77,78] |
Human | Hair, immune cells |
4. PI3K-AKT Pathway and Its Regulation
5. The LPA-PI3K-AKT Signaling Axis
6. Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GPCRs | G-protein-coupled receptors |
LPA | Lysophosphatidic acid |
PI3K | Phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase |
ATX | Autotaxin |
EDG | Endothelial differentiation genes |
TORC2 | Target of rapamycin complex 2 |
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Riaz, A.; Huang, Y.; Johansson, S. G-Protein-Coupled Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors and Their Regulation of AKT Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020215
Riaz A, Huang Y, Johansson S. G-Protein-Coupled Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors and Their Regulation of AKT Signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(2):215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020215
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiaz, Anjum, Ying Huang, and Staffan Johansson. 2016. "G-Protein-Coupled Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors and Their Regulation of AKT Signaling" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 2: 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020215