Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Effects of TMC-256C1 from Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. SF-6354 via up-Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Murine Hippocampal and Microglial Cell Lines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Structure Determination and Isolation of TMC-256C1, and Effect of TMC-256C1 on the Viability of HT22 and BV2 Cells
2.2. Effects of TMC-256C1 on Glutamate-Induced Cytotoxicity and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation
2.3. Effects of TMC-256C1 on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in BV2 Cells Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
2.4. Effects of TMC-256C1 on the Protein Expression Levels of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in BV2 Cells Stimulated with LPS
2.5. Effects of TMC-256C1 on NF-κB Activation in BV2 Cells Stimulated with LPS
2.6. Effects of TMC-256C1 on HO-1 Expression in HT22 and BV2 Cells
2.7. Effects of HO-1 Expression on Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Neurotoxicity and the Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators by TMC-256C1
2.8. Effects of TMC-256C1 on the Nuclear Translocation of Nrf2 in HT22 and BV2 Cells
2.9. Involvement of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) Pathways in the Induction of HO-1 Expression by TMC-256C1
2.10. Involvement of the PI3K/Akt Pathway in the Induction of HO-1 Expression by TMC-256C1
3. Discussion
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Instruments, Fungal Materials and Isolation of TMC-256C1
4.2. Chemicals and Reagents
4.3. Cell Culture and Viability Assay
4.4. Quantitative Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
4.5. DNA-Binding Activity of NF-κB
4.6. Preparation of Cytosolic and Nuclear Fractions
4.7. Nitrite (NO Production) and PGE2 Determination
4.8. Western Blot Analysis
4.9. Reactive Oxygen Species Measurement
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kim, D.-C.; Cho, K.-H.; Ko, W.; Yoon, C.-S.; Sohn, J.H.; Yim, J.H.; Kim, Y.-C.; Oh, H. Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Effects of TMC-256C1 from Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. SF-6354 via up-Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Murine Hippocampal and Microglial Cell Lines. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040529
Kim D-C, Cho K-H, Ko W, Yoon C-S, Sohn JH, Yim JH, Kim Y-C, Oh H. Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Effects of TMC-256C1 from Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. SF-6354 via up-Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Murine Hippocampal and Microglial Cell Lines. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(4):529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040529
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Dong-Cheol, Kwang-Ho Cho, Wonmin Ko, Chi-Su Yoon, Jae Hak Sohn, Joung Han Yim, Youn-Chul Kim, and Hyuncheol Oh. 2016. "Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Effects of TMC-256C1 from Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. SF-6354 via up-Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Murine Hippocampal and Microglial Cell Lines" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 4: 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040529