Angiotensin A/Alamandine/MrgD Axis: Another Clue to Understanding Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Angiotensin A
3. Alamandine
4. Mas-Related G-Protein Coupled Receptor D (MrgD)
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Angiotensin A | References | |
---|---|---|
Human embryonic kidney cells HEK-293 | No difference in AT1 affinity to Ang A and Ang II ↑ affinity of AT2 for Ang A than for Ang II | [17] |
Vascular smooth-muscle cells | Dose-dependent ↑ in cytosolic calcium inhibited by AT1 antagonist EXP-3174 | [17] |
proliferative effect Ang A > to Ang II | [20] | |
Abdominal aorta New Zealand White rabbits | Vasoconstriction ↓ in vessels from animals fed with atherogenic diet | [19] |
Isolated perfused kidney | Dose-dependent vasoconstriction 90% of the maximal effect of Ang II inhibited by AT1 antagonist EXP-3174 no effect of AT2 antagonist PD123319 | [17] |
Normotensive rats intrarenal administration | ↓ renal blood flow and ↑ renal vascular resistance ↓ effect of Ang A compared to Ang II improved by candesartan | [18] |
Normotensive rats i.v. administration | ↑ BP ↓ by AT1-receptor blocker losartan no effect of AT2-antagonist PD123319 | [20] |
Spontaneously hypertensive rats i.v. administration | ↑ BP both SHR and controls ↓ by AT1-receptor blocker candesartan no effect of AT2-antagonist PD123319 dose-dependent ↓ renal blood flow and ↑ renal vascular resistance in both SHR and controls ↓ effect of Ang A compared to Ang II no vasodilator response to Ang A or Ang II stimulation improved by candesartan no effect of AT2-antagonist PD123319 | [18] |
AT1-knockout mice | ↑ BP in wild-type mice at ≈10× ↑ concentrations than Ang II no effect on BP in AT1A-knockout mice | [17] |
↑ BP and cortical vascular resistance and ↓ cortical blood flow in wild-type mice by Ang A and Ang II abolished in AT1A-knockout mice | [18] | |
AT2-knockout mice | ↑ cortical vascular resistance and ↓ cortical blood flow inhibited by candesartan no effect of AT2-antagonist PD123319 | [18] |
Alamandine | References | |
---|---|---|
Human ACE2 (hACE2) cells | Forming of alamandine by ACE2 | [22] |
Isolated rat heart | Forming of alamandine after perfusion with Ang 1–7 | |
MrgD-transfected cells | Alamandine specifically binds to MrgD-cells abolished by AT2-agonist PD123319 No release induced by alamandine | |
Aortic rings FVB/N mice, Mas-deficient mice AT2-knockout mice, Wistar rats | Endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation attenuated by pretreatment with NO-synthase antagonist L-NAME completely blocked by Ang 1–7 antagonist d-Pro7 -Ang-(1–7) not influenced by Mas antagonist A-779 preserved in AT2- and Mas-deficient mice inhibited by preincubation with â-alanine | |
Aorta, iliac, carotid, and renal artery New Zealand White rabbits | No direct vasoactive effect, vasodilation mediated by acetylcholine ↑ acetylcholine-mediated vasodiation in aorta and iliac artery of healthy animals no effect on acetylcholin-mediated vasodilation in carotid artery ↓ acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation in the renal artery no vasoactive effect in vessels from animals fed with atherogenic diet ↓ Ang A-mediated vasoconstriction no effect on Ang II-mediated vasoconstriction | [20] |
Fisher rats microinjection into rostral and caudal ventrolateral medulla | Rostral ventrolateral medulla–pressor effect caudal ventrolateral medulla–depressor effect blocked by Ang 1–7 antagonist D-Pro7-Ang-(1–7) not influenced by Mas antagonist A-779 | [22] |
Spontaneously hypertensive rats single dosis of alamandine | Long-term antihypertensive effect | |
Isoproterenol-treated Wistar rats 50 µg/kg/day alamandine | ↓ Collagen I, III, and fibronectin in the heart | |
Sprague-Dawley rats intracerebral ventricular infusion | ↑ Bradycardic component of the baroreflex | [24] |
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Hrenak, J.; Paulis, L.; Simko, F. Angiotensin A/Alamandine/MrgD Axis: Another Clue to Understanding Cardiovascular Pathophysiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17071098
Hrenak J, Paulis L, Simko F. Angiotensin A/Alamandine/MrgD Axis: Another Clue to Understanding Cardiovascular Pathophysiology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(7):1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17071098
Chicago/Turabian StyleHrenak, Jaroslav, Ludovit Paulis, and Fedor Simko. 2016. "Angiotensin A/Alamandine/MrgD Axis: Another Clue to Understanding Cardiovascular Pathophysiology" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 7: 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17071098