Effects of Commonly Used Pesticides in China on the Mitochondria and Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Pesticides Caused Dose-Dependent Apoptotic Cell Death in SH-SY5Y Cells
2.2. Pesticides Induced Morphological Changes of Mitochondria
2.3. Paraquat, Rotenone, Chlorpyrifos, Fenpyroximate and Tebufenpyrad Induced a Significant Dose-Dependent Decrease of Intracellular ATP
2.4. Paraquat, Rotenone and Chlorpyrifos Inhibited NADH Dehydrogenase Activity
2.5. All Present-Study Pesticides Except Trichlorphon and Carbaryl Inhibited 26S Proteasome Activity
2.6. All Present-Study Pesticides Except Trichlorphon and Carbaryl Inhibited 20S Proteasome Activity
2.7. Trichlorphon and Carbaryl Did Not Affect Mitochondrial and UPS Functions
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Cell Apoptosis Assay
4.3. Immunofluorescence and Analysis of Mitochondrial Morphology
4.4. Immunoblotting
4.5. ATP Measurements
4.6. Mitochondrial Complex I Activity Assay
4.7. Determination of Cellular 26S Proteasome Activity
4.8. Determination of 20S Proteasome Activity
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PD | Parkinson’s Disease |
PI | Propidine Iodide |
UPS | Ubiquitin-proteasome System |
WHO | World Health Organization |
DHR | [3H]dihydrorotenone |
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Name | Chemical Class | Mitochondria | Ubiquitin-Proteasome System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morphology | ATP | Complex I | 26S | 20S | ||
Paraquat | Dipyridyl compounds | Fragmentation | Depletion | Decrease | Inhibition | Inhibition |
Rotenone | Rotenoids | Fragmentation | Depletion | Decrease | Inhibition | Inhibition |
Chlorpyrifos | Organophosphates | Fragmentation | Depletion | Decrease | Inhibition | Inhibition |
Pendimethalin | Dinitroanilines | Fragmentation | No influence | No influence | Inhibition | Inhibition |
Endosulfan | Organochlorides | Fragmentation | No influence | No influence | Inhibition | Inhibition |
Fenpyroximate | Acaricides | Fragmentation | Depletion | No influence | Inhibition | Inhibition |
Tebufenpyrad | Acaricides | Fragmentation | Depletion | No influence | Inhibition | Inhibition |
Trichlorphon | Organophosphates | Elongation | No influence | No influence | No influence | No influence |
Carbaryl | Carbamates | Elongation | No influence | No influence | No influence | No influence |
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Chen, T.; Tan, J.; Wan, Z.; Zou, Y.; Kessete Afewerky, H.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, T. Effects of Commonly Used Pesticides in China on the Mitochondria and Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Parkinson’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122507
Chen T, Tan J, Wan Z, Zou Y, Kessete Afewerky H, Zhang Z, Zhang T. Effects of Commonly Used Pesticides in China on the Mitochondria and Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Parkinson’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(12):2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122507
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Tingting, Jieqiong Tan, Zhengqing Wan, Yongyi Zou, Henok Kessete Afewerky, Zhuohua Zhang, and Tongmei Zhang. 2017. "Effects of Commonly Used Pesticides in China on the Mitochondria and Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Parkinson’s Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 12: 2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122507