A Looking-Glass of Non-Coding RNAs in Oral Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. MiRNA Deregulation in Oral Carcinogenesis
1.2. MiRNAs Involved in Proliferation and Apoptosis in Oral Cancer
1.3. MiRNAs Involved in Oral Cancer Cell Growth
1.4. MiRNAs Involved in Migration, Invasion, Angiogenesis, and Metastasis in Oral Cancer
1.5. Piwi-Interacting RNA (piRNA) Effects in Oral Cancer
1.6. LncRNA Deregulation in Oral Cancer
1.7. Circular RNAs
1.8. Free and Exosome Mediated ncRNA Transfer in Oral Cancer
2. Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Effects | Expression Level | Name | Targets | Tissue Specimens/Cell Line/Animal Model | Methods and Materials | Main Results of the Study | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell Proliferation | Down | miR-10b | - | Tissue from OSCC and HNSCC patients Cell lines: SCC25 and SCC9, FaDu compared with primary culture of oral keratinocytes | microarray, qRT-PCR, transfection with siPORT NeoFx reagent (Ambion), immunofluorescence assay, flow cytometry, Western blotting | MiR-10b precursors transfection reduce cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest by targeting the TP53, NOTCH1, MYC and HRAS gene | [52] |
Apoptosis, cell proliferation | Up | miR-21 | TPM1 PTEN P12CDK2AP1, HIF-1Α/HIF-2A | FFPE specimens from patients, Cell lines: SCC-15, CAL27 SCC9, SCC15, Tca8113 In vivo: BALB/c-nu mice | qRT-PCR, microarray, northern blotting, TUNEL assay, Western blotting, MTT assay, colony formation assay, soft agar assay, Annexin V analysis, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 assay, Transwell invasion assay, | miR-21 overexpression was related with and unfavorable prognostic; miR-21 sustains cell proliferation, activate tumorigenesis in hypoxic conditions | [44,45,46,79] |
miR-24 | DND1 | Cell line: UM1, UM2, Cal27, SCC4, SCC1, SCC2, SCC9, SCC15, SCC25, NOK16B | qRT-PCR, Western blotting, dual luciferase reporter assay, MTT assay, Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit, flow cytometry | Regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis | [50] | ||
miR-155 | Cdc73 | Cell lines: KB, SCC084, SCC131 BALB/c mice | in silico identification of miRNA binding sites, plasmid construction, Lipofectamine transfection, qRT-PCR, northern hybridization, Western hybridization, sequencing with ABIprism A310-automated sequencer, LOH analysis at the CDC73 Locus, combined bisulfite restriction analysis, MTT assay, fluorescein active caspase-3 staining kit, soft agar assay, propidium iodide analysis, in vivo assay for tumor growth | Cell proliferation and tumorigenesis | [51] | ||
miR-184 | c-Myc | Tissue samples from: normal oral mucosa, leukoplakia and oral cancer tissue | qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry | miR-184 inhibitor reduce cell proliferation and increased apoptosis rate | [47] | ||
miR-196a | TP73, CDK2, AKT1 | Tissue from OSCC and HNSCC patients Cell lines: SCC25 and SCC9, FaDu compared with primary culture of oral keratinocytes | microarray, qRT-PCR, transfection with siPORT NeoFx reagent (Ambion), immunofluorescence assay, flow cytometry, Western blotting | regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle progression | [52] | ||
Down | Let-7b | Igf1R | Cell lines: CAL 27, SCC-25, FaDu, RPMI 2650 Xenografts of Cal27 cell in NOD-SCID mice Cell lines: Tca-8113, Cal-27, primary OSCC and normal tissues In vivo: BALB/C nude mice | Western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, Lipofectamine transfection, transfection using X-tremeGENE HP DNA transfection reagent and X-tremeGENE siRNA transfection reagent, reporter plasmids construction, luciferase assays, lentivirus infection, MTT assay, flow cytometry, kinase activity assay kits, colony formation assay, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry | Regulation of cell proliferation | [67,68,69] | |
miR-7 | Igf1R | Cell lines: UM1 and UM2 | Western blotting, dual-luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, MTT assay, flow cytometry | Regulated apoptosis and cell proliferation | [65] | ||
miR-9 | CXCR4 PTEN | Cell line: SCC-4, SCC-9, SCC-25, Tca8113 Xenograft mouse model injected with Tca8113 and SCC-9 human surgical samples of HNSCC tissue | lentiviral delivery of miR-9, XTT assay, flow cytometry, Annexin V affinity assay, QCM invasion assay kit, immunohistochemistry, plasmid construction, luciferase reporter assay, Western blotting MS-PCR, qRT-PCR, transfection using DharmaFect, MTT assay | Restoring the expression level leads to the decreased cell proliferation, colony-formation abilities, cell cycle arrest and stimulated apoptosis. | [55,80] | ||
miR-25-3p | - | Cell lines: Tca8113 | viral infection of Tca8113, MTT assay, qRT-PCR, Western blotting | Restoring the expression level leads to a decreased proliferation and colony-formation ability, along with lower cyclin D mRNA and protein level. | [71] | ||
miR-100 | - | Cell lines from UPCI: SCC collection and NHOK controls | qRT-PCR, FISH with RP11-241D13, Lipofectamine transfection, MTT assay, microarray | decreased proliferation and colony-formation ability, along with lower cyclin D mRNA and protein level and an important altered transcriptomic pattern | [57] | ||
miR-125b | ICAM2 | Cell lines: HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, SCC4, HO-1-N-1 and Ca9-22 compared with human normal keratinocytes Cell lines from UPCI: SCC collection and NHOK controls | qRT-PCR, Lipofectamine transfection, construction of reporter plasmids, luciferase reporter assays, cell count in hemocytometer, X-ray irradiation, clonogenic survival assay with crystal violet FISH with RP11-241D13, Lipofectamine transfection, MTT assay, microarray | Prognostic marker, decrease in miR-125b expression was associated with poorer survival | [56,57] | ||
miR-138 | GNAI2 | Tissue samples from TSCC patients Cell lines: SCC4, SCC9, SCC15, SCC25, Tca8113, UM1 and UM2 | microarray, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, dual luciferase reporter assay, MTT assay, apoptosis assay with Annexin FITC conjugate | Regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation | [63] | ||
miR-181a | K-ras | Primary normal human oral keratinocytes Cell lines: HOK-16B (oral keratinocytes), SCC-4, SCC-9, SCC-15, 1483, Tu-139, and Tu-177 | qRT-PCR, transfection using lentiviral vector, MTT assay, anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, Western blotting, K-ras 3′-UTR and miRNA promoter constructs, luciferase assay | Regulate cell proliferation, EMT and invasion | [64] | ||
miR-195 | Cyclin D1 Bcl-2 | TSCC samples from patients Cell lines: SCC-15 and CAL27 | qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, cell counting kit, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) by flow cytometry, vector construction, luciferase reporter assay, Western blotting | Regulate cell cycle and apoptosis | [61] | ||
miR-205 | Axin2 IL-24 | Cell lines: KB compared with normal keratinocytes NHOK | microarray, qRT-PCR, qPCR, Lipofectamine transfection, MTT assay, DAPI staining fluorescence microscopy, immunoblotting, caspase-3/7 activity assay by using cell-permeable fluorogenic substrate, PhiPhiLux-G1D2, luciferase assays, Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate assay | Restoring miR-205 expression level activates apoptosis via caspase-3/7 and modulated immune response | [59,60] | ||
miR-494 | Hoxa10 | human OSCCs and normal tongue tissues Cell lines: SCC-25 and CAL 27 | qRT-PCR based on the microarray result from a previous study, Lipofectamine transfection, dual luciferase assay | Regulation of cell proliferation | [70] | ||
miR-596 | Lgals3BP | Cell line: RT7, Primary OSCCs and normal oral mucosa In vivo: SCID mice | qRT-PCR, microarray, transfection with Lipofectamine, Western blotting, luciferase activity assay, immunohistochemistry | Restoration of the expression of miR-596 in OSCC cells in vitro, caused increased in cleaved caspase-3, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, reduction of tumorigenesis in mice models | [62] | ||
Cell Growth | Up | miR-21 | Stat3 | OSCC tissue samples from patients Cell line: TSCCA and TCA8113 TSCCA xenograft nude mouse model | miRNA detection by in situ hybridization, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, MTT assay, Transwell assays, luciferase assay, Western blotting, in vivo tumor measurement, IHC staining, TUNEL assay | Inhibition the expression level leads increased apoptosis, via inhibition expression of Ki67, Bcl-2 and MMP-2 | [74] |
miR-24 | - | OSCC tissue samples from patients Cell OSCC cell line: OC3, OECM-1 and SAS OSCC compared with normal human keratinocytes (NHOKs) and 293T cells | qRT-PCR, lentiviral vector construction, Western blotting, trypan blue exclusion assay, Transwell assay | miR mimetic stimulated cell growth and inhibition of p57, unaffected the EMT-related genes or caspase-3 | [49] | ||
miR-221 | p27 | OSCC tissue from patients Cell lines: OECM-1, SAS In vivo: nude mice | qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, plasmid preparation, lentiviral infection, trypan blue exclusion assay, anchorage e-independent colony formation assay counted by crystal violet staining, Transwell assay, Western blotting, in vivo tumorigenesis | miR-221 transfection caused greater cell/tumor growth | [81] | ||
miR-222 | p57 Puma | OSCC tissue from patients Cell lines: OECM-1, SAS In vivo: nude mice Cell lines: Tca8113 and UM1 | qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, introduction of miRNA through plasmid preparation and lentiviral infection, trypan blue exclusion assay, anchorage-independent colony formation assay counted by crystal violet staining, Transwell assay, Western blotting, in vivo tumorigenesis Lipofectamine transfection, RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, cell migration assay by 8-μm pore insert, MTT assay, Annexin V analysis | miRNA mimetic caused decreased apoptosis, increasing cell proliferation and migration | [72,73] | ||
Down | miR-145 | c-Myc Cdk6 | OSCC tissue samples from patients Cell line: Tca8113, CAL 27 | Oligofectamine transfection, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, MTT assay, colony formation assay, anchorage independent growth assays, flow cytometry, Annexin V analysis, Transwell chamber histological analysis, clinicopathologic factors analysis | Restoring the expression level affect cancer hallmarks, including stimulation of the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest | [76,77] | |
miR-218 | Rictor | RT7, human oral keratinocytes immortalized by TERT and primary OSCC samples-NA and SKN3 | miRNA function-based screening, methylation analysis, qRT-PCR, Lipofectamine transfection, immunoblotting, luciferase activity assay | Targets the mTOR, inhibits AKT phosphorylation leading to the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis | [78] | ||
miR-375 | - | OSCC tissue samples from patients | microarray, qRT-PCR | miR-375 downregulation was correlated with disease progression and a poorer prognostic. Regulated apoptosis related proteins | [75] | ||
miR-585 | - | RT7, human oral keratinocytes immortalized by TERT and primary OSCC samples-NA and SKN3 | miRNA function-based screening, methylation analysis, qRT-PCR, Lipofectamine transfection, immunoblotting, luciferase activity assay | Regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis | [78] |
Effects | Expression Level | Name | Targets | Tissue Specimens/Cell Line/Animal Model | Methods and Materials | Main Results of the Study | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angiogenesis | Up | - | - | - | |||
Down | miR-126 | VEGF-A | OSCC tissue samples from patients Cell lines: HSC3 and HSC4 cells | qRT-PCR, methylation-specific PCR, DNA demethylation treatment, Lipofectamine transfection, MTT assay, invasion assay by using modified Boyden chamber, TUNEL assay, immunohistochemistry | miR-126 downregulation activate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis; prognostic marker | [83] | |
miR-320 | Nrp1, HIF-1α | Tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue specimens from OSCC patients and human umbilical vein endothelial cells In vivo: NOD/SCID mice | in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, Western blotting, plasmid construction, Lipofectamine transfection, luciferase reporter assays, NRP1 knockdown through infection by lentivirus containing NRP1 shRNA, Transwell migration assay, Tube formation assay by using human umbilical vein endothelial cells, in vivo tumor size measurement | miR-320 precursor/antagonist reduce migration, adhesion and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells; miR-320 is inhibited in hypoxic condition | [82] | ||
Migration and Invasion | Up | miR-10b | - | Cell lines: SCC25, SAS, OECM1, OC3, CGHNC8, CGHNC9 and normal keratinocytes: CGHNK2, CGHNK4, CGK1, CGK5, and CGK6 Plasma samples from OSCC patients | microarray, qRT-PCR, Lipofectamine transfection, colony formation assay by cell strained with crystal violet, in vitro wound-healing assay, Matrigel invasion assay, determination of chemo- or radiosensitivity, determination of plasma miRNA, clinical data analysis | Regulate cell migration and invasion; diagnostic marker | [86] |
miR-21 | Pdcd4 Dkk2 | OSCC tumor samples from patients Cell lines: UT-SCC-15, 20A, 24A, 28, 74A, 87 compared to a normal oral mucosa Cell line cell line: SCC25 | QPCR for PDCD4 mRNA levels, immunohistochemistry, plasmid construction, Lipofectamine transfection, Transwell invasion assay, Western blotting, RT-PCR, site-directed mutagenesis, in situ miRNA hybridization, knockdown of miRNA with anti-sense LNA oligomers, transfection by using Oligofectamine reagent, Matrigel invasion chamber, clinical data analysis | Regulate EMT, invasion, migration and metastasis; therapeutic target in oral cancer | [87,88] | ||
miR-27a | Mcph1 | Cell line: KB, SCC084, SCC131 In vivo: BALB/c nude mice | LOH analysis, sequencing by ABIprism A310-automated sequencer, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, promoter methylation analysis, treatment of cells with 2′-deoxy-5-azacytidine, Lipofectamine transfection, BrdU cell proliferation assay, soft agar colony assay, in vivo tumorigenicity, propidium iodide staining for cell death, analysis of casp3 activity for apoptosis, Matrigel invasion assay, site-directed mutagenesis, luciferase reporter assay, semi-quantitative RT-PCR | miR-27a targets tumor suppressor gene Mcph1, being related with tumorigenic mechanisms, invasions and metastasis | [84] | ||
miR-196 | Nme4 | Tissue specimens and paired noncancerous matched tissue and plasma from OSCC patients Cell lines: OECM-1 and Fadu OSCC cells and normal oral keratinocytes (NOKs) In vivo: nude mice Cell lines: OECM1, SAS, CGHNC8, CGHNC9 and normal keratinocyte cell lines -CGHNK2 and CGHNK4 | qRT-PCR, PCR RFLP analysis for rs11614913 genotyping, MTT assay, Transwell migration assay, anchorage-independent colony formation, plasmid construction, Lipofectamine transfection, in vitro wound healing assay, Matrigel invasion assay, Western blotting, in vivo tumorigenesis, luciferase reporter assay, immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy, clinical data analysis | Prognostic marker, overexpressed in plasma and tumor tissue samples. Overexpression was related with a reduced survival and metastatic processes. Regulated cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis | [89,90] | ||
miR-504 | Foxp1 | OSCC tumor samples from patients Cell line: CA9-22, CAL-27, HSC-3, SAS and TW2.6 In vivo: C.B.17-SCID mice | microarray, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, plasmid construction, Lipofectamine transfection, MTT assay, Boyden chamber assays, wound-healing migration assay, animal metastasis experiment, luciferase reporter assay, clinical data analysis | Therapeutic target for reducing invasion and metastasis mechanisms via miR-504/FOXP1 axis | [85] | ||
Down | miR-17/20a | Itgb8 | OSCC tumor samples from patients Cell lines: CA9-22, CAL-27, HSC-3, SAS and TW2.6 MS-10 | qRT-PCR, Lipofectamine transfection, wound-healing migration assay, luciferase reporter assay, plasmid construction, clinical data analysis | miR-17-92 cluster plays an essential role in inhibiting cell migration. Prognostic marker, miR-17/20a expression decreases with OSCC disease progression. | [93] | |
miR-29a | MMP2 | Cancer tissue and adjacent noncancerous tissue from OSCC patients Cell lines: SCC-4, SCC-9 and SCC-25 | qRT-PCR, Western blotting, Lipofectamine transfection, luciferase reporter assay, MTT assay, Transwell invasion assay, flow cytometry | miR-29c mimic have no effect on cell proliferation, but it increase the chemo sensitivity and it decreases the migration of cells | [91] | ||
miR-124 | Itbg1 | Cell lines: SCC4 and H357 | Oligofectamine transfection, luciferase reporter assay, site directed mutagnesis, qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, cell adhesion assay, Transwell chamber assay, Matrigel invasion assay, cell staining with crystal violet | Regulate cell invasion and migration; decrease the adherence to fibronectin only in H357 cells, not in SCC4 cells. | [94] | ||
miR-138 | RhoC Rock2 | Cell lines: UM1, UM2, 1386Ln, 686Ln and primary normal human keratinocytes | transfection with DharmaFECT Transfection Reagent, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, dual luciferase reporter assay, Oris™ cell migration assay kit, Cultrex membrane invasion assay kit, cell stress fiber visualization | miR-138 mimic increase migration capacity; anti-miR-138 activate EMT | [95] | ||
miR-140-5p | Adam10, ERBB4 | Cell lines: CAL27 and Tca8113 | transfection with Turbofect transfection reagent, Western blotting, luciferase reporter assay, cell proliferation assay-CCK8 reagent, Matrigel invasion assay | Transfection with miR-140-inhibited the migration and invasion capacity of Cal27 cells | [92] | ||
Metastasis | Up | miR-146a | Irak1 Traf6 Numb | OSCC tumor samples and whole blood from patients Cell lines: FaDu, HSC3, OECM-1, SAS, NHOK, 293FT In vivo: NOD/SCID mice | qRT-PCR from tissue and plasma, plasmid construction, lentiviral infection, NFκB activity assay, Western blotting, trypan blue exclusion assay, Transwell invasion assay, anchorage-independent growth assay, tumorigenesis, in vivo metastasis and experimental therapy | Prognostic marker, overexpression related with unfavorable survival; promote tumorigenesis | [96] |
Down | miR-15b | - | Tissue samples from TSCC patients Cell lines: CAL27 and SCC25 In vivo: BALB/c-nu mice | MTT assay, microarray analysis, Lipofectamine transfection, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, modified Boyden chamber assay, immunofluorescence staining, luciferase reporter assay, in-situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, in-vivo metastasis analysis | Regulate chemotherapy induced EMT, dug resistance and metastatic processes | [98] | |
miR-99a | Igfr1R | Cancer tissue and adjacent noncancerous tissue from OSCC patients Cell lines: CGHNC9, OC3, OEC-M1, TW2.6, FaDu, KB, SCC-4, SCC15, SCC9, SCC25, UT-MUC-1, YD-15, DOK, Tu183, UMSC and HSC3 | RT-PCR, immunoblotting, MTT assay, Matrigel invasion assay, in vivo lung colonization assay, immunofluorescence, lentiviral infection, luciferase reporter assay, plasmid construction with insulin-like growth factor I receptor, transfection by using Polyjet transfection reagent, cell treatment with 5-Aza-dC (5 μM) | miR-99a act as tumor metastasis suppressor; prognostic marker | [99] | ||
miR-181a | Twist1 | Cell lines: CAL27 and SCC15 | Lipofectamine transfection, cisplatin chemosensitivity assay, immunofluorescence staining, immunoblotting, RT-PCR, wound healing assay, Transwell invasion assay, dual luciferase reporter assay | Involved in chemoresistance, EMT and metastatic potential Twist is a direct target It stimulates E-cadherin and inhibits Vimentin | [100] | ||
miR-200b | - | Tissue samples from TSCC patients Cell lines: CAL27 and SCC25 In vivo: BALB/c-nu mice | MTT assay, microarray analysis, Lipofectamine transfection, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, modified Boyden chamber assay, immunofluorescence staining, luciferase reporter assay, in-situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, in-vivo metastasis analysis | Poor prognostic chemoresistance-mediated EMT, invasion and metastasis ↑E-cadherin and ↓Vimentin, N-cadherin and fibronectin | [98] | ||
miR-491-5p | Git1 | Cancer tissue and adjacent noncancerous tissue from OSCC patients Cell lines: CGHNC9, SAS, SCC25, OECM-1 and OC-3 In vivo: CB17-SCID mice | microarray, plasmid construction, Lipofectamine transfection, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, 3′UTR reporter assays, qRT-PCR, falcon cell culture inserts with or without Matrigel invasion assay, in vivo lung metastasis assays, immunostaining, immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blotting, Paxillin degradation assays, IHC, FISH, gelatin zymography | Advanced stages It impairs lung metastasis, invasion, focal adhesion and migration through the modulation of MMP2/9 GIT1 is one of its targets | [101] |
LncRNA | Expression Level in Tumor Tissue | Biological Role | Target Gene | Role | Molecular Functions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MEG3 | Down | Cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis | Dnmt3B | Prognostic marker | sponging, scaffold | [141] |
Hotair | Up | Cell proliferation, EMT | Ezh2, E-cadherin | Diagnostic/prognostic marker | trans regulation of gene expression, scaffold | [109,119,120,121,145] |
Malat-1 | Up | Cell cycle, EMT | Cks1, Wnt/β-catenin | Diagnostic/prognostic | cis and trans regulation of gene expression, sponging | [120,121,122,146,147] |
Ccat2 | Up | Cell proliferation | Wnt/β-catenin, Ccnd1, and Myc | Diagnostic/prognostic/therapeutic target | Sponging, scaffold | [10,142,148,149] |
Uca1 | Up | Cell proliferation, EMT | Wnt/β-catenin | WNT/β-catenin | Sponging, cis regulation of gene expression | [135] |
Has2-As1 | Up | Hypoxia, EMT | TGF-α, HIF-1α and NfKb | Diagnostic/prognostic | cis regulation of gene expression | [143] |
Tug1 | Up | cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion, EMT | Wnt/β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc | Therapeutic target | Sponging, decoy | [123] |
Hifcar | Up | Hypoxia | HIF-1α and p300 | Prognostic/therapeutic target | Sponging, cis regulation of gene expression | [133] |
linc-RoR | UP | Stem cells differentiation | TFs Oct4, Nanog, Sox4, Klf4, and c-Myc | Prognostic/therapeutic target | Sponging, decoys gene-specific histone methylation to promote tumorigenesis | [144,150] |
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Irimie, A.I.; Braicu, C.; Sonea, L.; Zimta, A.A.; Cojocneanu-Petric, R.; Tonchev, K.; Mehterov, N.; Diudea, D.; Buduru, S.; Berindan-Neagoe, I. A Looking-Glass of Non-Coding RNAs in Oral Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122620
Irimie AI, Braicu C, Sonea L, Zimta AA, Cojocneanu-Petric R, Tonchev K, Mehterov N, Diudea D, Buduru S, Berindan-Neagoe I. A Looking-Glass of Non-Coding RNAs in Oral Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(12):2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122620
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrimie, Alexandra Iulia, Cornelia Braicu, Laura Sonea, Alina Andreea Zimta, Roxana Cojocneanu-Petric, Konstantin Tonchev, Nikolay Mehterov, Diana Diudea, Smaranda Buduru, and Ioana Berindan-Neagoe. 2017. "A Looking-Glass of Non-Coding RNAs in Oral Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 12: 2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122620