Discriminative Features in Three Autosomal Recessive Cutis Laxa Syndromes: Cutis Laxa IIA, Cutis Laxa IIB, and Geroderma Osteoplastica
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Patients
3. Discussion
3.1. Overlapping Features
3.2. Facial Features
3.3. Progeroid Features
3.4. Neurological Features
3.5. Discriminative Features in ARCL2A
3.6. Discriminative Features in ARCL2B
3.7. Discriminative Features in GO
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Clinical Features | Morava et al., 2008 [4] | Van Maldergem et al., 2008 [7] | Hucthagowder et al., 2009 [6] | Fischer et al., 2012 [23] | Greally et al., 2014 [24] | Gardeitchik et al. 2014 [22] | Bahena-Bahena et al., 2014 [25] | Ritelli et al., 2014 [26] | Goyal et al., 2015 [27] | Cohen et al., 2016 [28] | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnosis | ARCL2A | ARCL2A | ARCL2A | ARCL2A | ARCL2A | ARCL2A | ARCL2A | ARCL2A | ARCL 2A | ARCL2A | |
Intra-uterine growth retardation | 2/10 | NE | NE | NE | 3/3 | NE | NE | + | + | 0/2 | 5/7 |
Postnatal growth delay | NE | NE | 7/17 | NE | 0/3 | NE | 2/2 | - | + | NE | 10/24 |
Aged appearance | 10/10 | 11/11 | NE | NE | NE | NE | 2/2 | + | + | NE | 4/4 |
Persistent open fontanel | 10/10 | 11/11 | 16/17 | 10/12 | 3/3 | NE | 2/2 | + | NE | 0/2 | 32/37 |
Blue sclera | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | + | + | 0/2 | 2/4 |
Intellectual disability | 8/10 | 11/11 | 12/17 | 6/11 | 3/3 | NE | 2/2 | - | + | 2/2 | 27/37 |
Microcephaly | 7/10 | 4/11 | 14/17 | NE | 3/3 | NE | 2/2 | - | + | 2/2 | 23/26 |
Hypotonia | 8/10 | 11/11 | NE | NE | 1/3 | 6/6 | 2/2 | - | NE | ½ | 10/13 |
seizures | 3/10 | 5/11 | 1/17 | NE | 1/3 | 2/6 | 0/2 | - | - | 1/2 | 5/30 |
Athetoid/dystonic movements | NE | NE | NE | NE | 0/3 | 1/6 | 0/2 | - | - | 0/2 | 1/15 |
Corpus callosum dysgenesis | NE | 1/11 | NE | NE | 1/3 | 0/4 | NE | NE | NE | 0/2 | 1/9 |
Pachygryria/cobblestone like dysgenesis | 4/10 | 8/11 | 9/15 | 1/1 | 2/3 | 4/4 | NE | NE | NE | 2/2 | 18/25 |
Strabismus | 7/10 | 0/11 | 13/17 | NE | NE | 2/6 | NE | - | - | 1/2 | 16/27 |
Cataract/corneal clouding | NE | 0/11 | 0/17 | NE | NE | 1/6 | NE | - | - | 0/2 | 0/27 |
Osteopenia | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | - | NE | NE |
Fractures | NE | 4/11 | 0/17 | 0/12 | 0/3 | 0/6 | 0/2 | + | - | 0/2 | 1/44 |
Congenital hip dislocation | NE | 8/8 | NE | NE | 0/3 | NE | NE | - | + | 0/2 | 1/7 |
Wormian bonses | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
Hyperextensibility of joints | 9/10 | NE | 14/17 | 10/12 | 3/3 | NE | 2/2 | NE | NE | 2/2 | 31/36 |
Dislocations | NE | NE | NE | NE | 0/3 | NE | NE | - | - | 0/2 | 0/7 |
Adducted thumbs | NE | NE | NE | NE | 0/3 | NE | NE | NE | NE | 0/2 | 0/5 |
Wrinkled skin | 10/10 | 11/11 | 17/17 | 13/13 | 3/3 | NE | 2/2 | + | + | 2/2 | 39/39 |
Visible veins on the chest | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | - | NE | NE |
hernia | NE | 6/11 | 7/16 | NE | 2/3 | NE | ½ | + | - | 0/2 | 11/25 |
Flat feet | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | + | NE | 0/2 | 1/3 |
Clinical Features | Reversade et al., 2009 [2] | Guernsey et al., 2009 [3] | Yildirim et al., 2010 [16] | Lin et al., 2011 [29] | Kretz et al., 2011 [15] | Dimopoulou et al., 2013 [17] | Nouri et al., 2013 [30] | Scherrer et al., 2013 [31] | Gardeitchik et al. 2014 [22] | Rahmati et al., 2015 [32] | Goyal et al., 2015 [27] | Alazami et al., 2016 [33] | Vahidnezhed et al., 2016 [34] | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnosis | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | |
Intra-uterine growth retardation | 29/31 | 5/5 | 4/4 | 2/2 | 6/6 | 23/25 | - | 1/1 | NE | + | + | + | 5/5 | 69/83 |
Postnatal growth delay | 4/13 | 5/5 | 0/4 | 1/2 | 6/6 | 21/28 | NE | 3/3 | NE | + | + | + | NE | 43/64 |
Aged appearance | 31/31 | 5/5 | 4/4 | 2/2 | 6/6 | 29/30 | + | 3/3 | NE | + | + | + | 5/5 | 86/87 |
Persistent open fontanel | 3/6 | 3/3 | 2/3 | 1/2 | NE | 14/19 | NE | 3/3 | NE | - | + | + | 2/2 | 31/40 |
Blue sclera | NE | 4/5 | NE | 1/2 | 1/6 | 13/30 | NE | NE | NE | + | + | - | 2/2 | 23/47 |
Intellectual disability | 34/35 | 5/5 | 4/4 | 2/2 | 3/6 | 27/29 | + | 3/3 | NE | NE | + | + | 5/5 | 86/92 |
Microcephaly | NE | 4/5 | 2/4 | 2/2 | 4/5 | 19/27 | NE | 0/3 | NE | - | + | - | NE | 32/47 |
Hypotonia | NE | 0/3 | NE | 0/2 | NE | 25/30 | NE | 2/3 | 5/5 | + | - | - | NE | 33/44 |
seizures | NE | NE | 2/4 | 0/2 | 0/6 | 3/33 | + | 0/3 | 5/5 | - | - | + | 2/5 | 14/61 |
Athetoid /dystonic movements | 4/35 | 0/5 | 0/4 | ½ | NE | 9/28 | NE | 0/3 | 3/5 | - | - | - | NE | 17/85 |
Corpus callosum dysgenesis | 15/21 | 2/3 | 1/4 | 0/2 | NE | 4/13 | + | NE | 2/5 | - | NE | + | 0/2 | 26/53 |
pachygryria | 0/21 | 0/3 | 0/4 | 0/2 | NE | 0/13 | - | NE | 0/5 | - | NE | - | 0/2 | 0/53 |
Strabismus | NE | NE | NE | ½ | 1/6 | 12/27 | NE | 0/3 | 2/5 | - | - | - | ½ | 17/43 |
Cataract/corneal clouding | 4/35 | 0/5 | NE | 0/2 | 0/6 | 4/27 | NE | 0/3 | 4/5 | - | - | + | 0/2 | 12/88 |
Osteopenia | 12/18 | 0/1 | 4/4 | 0/2 | 3/3 | 14/16 | NE | 3/3 | NE | - | - | - | 2/2 | 38/52 |
Fractures | NE | 0/3 | 0/4 | 0/2 | 1/6 | NE | NE | 2/3 | NE | - | - | - | 0/2 | 3/23 |
Congenital hip dislocation | 19/34 | 2/4 | ¼ | ½ | 4/6 | 15/25 | NE | 3/3 | NE | + | + | + | 5/5 | 43/86 |
Wormian bonses | 6/9 | 1/2 | 4/4 | 0/2 | 1/1 | 8/12 | NE | NE | NE | - | NE | - | NE | 20/32 |
Hyperextensibility of joints | 35/35 | NE | 4/4 | 2/2 | 4/6 | 24/26 | NE | 3/3 | NE | NE | NE | + | 2/2 | 75/79 |
Dislocations | NE | NE | NE | 0/2 | NE | NE | NE | 0/3 | NE | NE | NE | - | 2/2 | 2/8 |
Adducted thumbs | NE | 3/3 | 4/4 | ½ | 4/6 | 13/26 | NE | 2/3 | NE | NE | NE | + | NE | 24/45 |
Wrinkled skin | 35/35 | 3/3 | 4/4 | 2/2 | 6/6 | 31/31 | + | 3/3 | NE | + | + | + | 5/5 | 93/93 |
Visible veins on the chest | NE | 5/5 | 4/4 | 2/2 | 6/6 | 24/31 | NE | NE | NE | + | + | + | 2/2 | 46/53 |
hernia | 17/35 | 2/3 | 1/4 | 0/2 | 0/6 | 10/28 | NE | 3/3 | NE | - | - | - | NE | 33/81 |
Flat feet | NE | NE | NE | NE | 5/6 | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | - | NE | 5/7 |
Clinical Features | Newman et al., 2008 [35] | Al-Dosari et al., 2009 [19] | Gardeitchik et al., 2014 [22] | Alazami et al., 2016 [33] | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnosis | GO | GO | GO | GO | GO |
Intra-uterine growth retardation | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
Postnatal growth delay | 5/9 | 1/7 | NE | 2/27 | 8/43 |
Aged appearance | 10/10 | 7/7 | NE | 23/27 | 40/44 |
Persistent open fontanel | NE | 1/7 | NE | NE | 1/7 |
Blue sclera | 1/10 | NE | NE | NE | 1/10 |
Intellectual disability | 0/10 | 0/7 | NE | 0/27 | 0/44 |
Microcephaly | 0/10 | 0/7 | NE | 0/27 | 0/44 |
Hypotonia | 8/8 | NE | 3/3 | 2/27 | 13/38 |
seizures | 0/10 | NE | 1/3 | 0/27 | 1/40 |
Athetoid/dystonic movements | 0/10 | NE | 0/3 | 0/27 | 0/40 |
Corpus callosum dysgenesis | NE | NE | 0/3 | NE | 0/3 |
pachygryria | NE | NE | 0/3 | NE | 0/3 |
Strabismus | NE | NE | 0/3 | NE | 0/3 |
Cataract/corneal clouding | NE | NE | 0/3 | NE | 0/3 |
Osteopenia | 10/10 | 6/7 | NE | 26/27 | 42/44 |
Fractures | 9/10 | 5/7 | NE | 17/27 | 31/44 |
Congenital hip dislocation | 4/10 | 2/7 | NE | 25/27 | 31/44 |
Wormian bonses | NE | NE | NE | 15/27 | 15/27 |
Hyperextensibility of joints | 10/10 | NE | NE | 26/27 | 36/37 |
Dislocations | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
Adducted thumbs | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
Wrinkled skin | 10/10 | 7/7 | NE | 27/27 | 44/44 |
Visible veins on the chest | 0/10 | NE | NE | 0/27 | 0/34 |
hernia | 0/10 | NE | NE | 0/27 | 0/34 |
Flat feet | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
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Diagnosis | Cutis laxa IIA | Family I Case 1 | Family II Case 2 * | Cutis laxa IIB | Family III Case 3 | FamilyIV Case 4 | Family IV Case 5 | Family V Case 6 | GO | Family VI Case 7 | Family VII Case 8 | Family VIII Case 9 | Family IX Case 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARCL2A | ARCL 2A | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | ARCL2B | GO | GO | GO | GO | ||||
Age at examination | 4 years | 12 years | 14 months | 35 years | 36 years | 1 year | 9 years | 3 years | 6 months | 40 years | |||
Sex | F | M | F | M | M | F | F | M | F | M | |||
Intra-uterine growth retardation | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | NE |
height | 108 cm 95th centile | 140 cm 10th centile | 75 cm <50th centile | 173 cm <50th centile | 175 cm <50th centile | 68 cm <25th centile | 115 cm <3rd centile | 69 cm <3rd centile | 65 cm 50th centile | 158 cm <3rd centile | |||
weight | 12 kg <3rd centile | 27 Kg <3rd centile | 6.8 kg <3rd centile | 40 kg <3rd centile | 45 <3rd centile | 6.2 kg <3rd centile | 24 kg <25th centile | 7.4 kg <3rd centile | 6.4 kg <50th centile | 50 kg <3rd centile | |||
Head Circumference | 47.5 cm <50th centile | 51 cm <50th centile | 42 cm <2nd centile | 53 cm <50th centile | 54.5 <50th centile | 40 cm <2nd centile | 50 cm <50th centile | 42 cm <2nd centile | 41 cm <25th centile | 57.5 cm <98th centile | |||
Facial features | |||||||||||||
Aged appearance | + | + | +/− | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Persistent open fontanel | + | NE | + | + | - | NE | NE | + | − | NE | − | − | NE |
Bossing forehead/broad forehead | + | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | − |
Downslanting palpebral fissures | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Reverse V eyebrows | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Long philtrum | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Anteverted nares | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Blue sclera | + | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − |
Triangular face | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | |
Thin nose | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | |
Long face | − | − | + ** | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
prognathism | − | − | + ** | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Maxillary hypoplasia | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | + | |
Oblique furrowing extending from the outer canthus to the lateral border of the supraorbital ridge | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | − | |
Drooping/sagging cheeks | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | +/− | − |
Neurological abnormalities | |||||||||||||
Developmental delay | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − |
Intellectual disability | + | + | Very mild | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − |
Microcephaly | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | |
Hypotonia | + | + | + at birth | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − |
Eye abnormalities | − | ||||||||||||
Myopia | + | + | − | − | NE | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Strabismus | + | − | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Skeleton | |||||||||||||
Pectus excavatum | + | − | + | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − |
Osteopenia | + | + | − | + | + | NE | NE | NE | + | + | + | + | + |
Fractures | − | − | +/− | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | |
Congenital hip dislocation | + | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | +/− | − | − | + | − |
Skin & joints | |||||||||||||
Hyperextensibility of joints | + | + | + | + | + | +/− | +/− | + | + | + | + | + | − |
Dislocations | − | − | + | - | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | ||
Adducted thumbs | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | − | − | |
Clenched hands | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | + | − | − | − | |
Increased palmar creases | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||
Wrinkled skin | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Severe wrinkling of skin on dorsum of hands and feet | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | − | − | |
Visible veins on the chest | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | |
Inguinal hernia | + | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Umbilical hernia | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | |
Lipodystrophy | − | − | + | − | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | |
Flat feet | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | |
Causative gene Mutation cDNA Mutation protein | ATP6V0A2 | c.2255C>T homozygous mutation in ATP6V0A2 novel | c.754delT homozygous mutation in ATP6V0A2 22 | c.797 G>A homozygous mutation in PYCR1 gene 2,3 | c. 355C>T homozygous mutation in PYCR1 gene 2 | c. 355C>T homozygous mutation in PYCR1 gene 2 | c.572G>A homozygous mutation in PYCR1 gene 15 | c.-1_1GA>CT homozygous mutation in GORAB gene 21 | c.-1_1GA>CT homozygous mutation in GORAB gene | c.391C>T homozygous mutation in GORAB gene novel | c.75_76delinsCT homozygous mutation in GORAB gene 21 | ||
other | Glycosylation abnormalitites | Glycosylation abnoramalities | Cleft palate | Small ASD |
Clinical Features | ARCL2A Total Cases from Literature | ARCL2A Present Cases | ARCL2B Total Cases from the Literature | ARCL2B Present Cases | GO Total Cases from the Literature | GO Present Cases | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Positive Cases from Number of Evaluated Cases | Frequency (%) | Number of Positive Cases from Number of Evaluated Cases | Frequency (%) | Number of Positive Cases From Number of Evaluated Cases | Frequency (%) | ||||
Intra-Uterine Growth Retardation | 7/17 | 41% | 2/2 | 78/83 | 94% | 4/4 | 0/9 | 0% | 1/3 |
Postnatal Growth Delay | 10/24 | 42% | 0/2 | 43/64 | 67% | 4/4 | 8/52 | 15% | 3/4 |
Aged Appearance | 25/25 | 100% | 2/2 | 89/87 | 98% | 4/4 | 49/53 | 92% | 4/4 |
Persistent open Fontanel | 53/58 | 91% | 1/1 | 30/40 | 75% | 1/2 | 2/12 | 17% | 0/2 |
Blue sclera | 2/4 | 50% | 1/2 | 23/48 | 48% | 2/2 | 1/19 | 5% | 0/4 |
Intellectual Disability | 45/58 | 78% | 2/2 | 86/92 | 93% | 4/4 | 3/53 | 6% | 0/4 |
Microcephaly | 33/47 | 70% | 0/2 | 32/49 | 65% | 2/4 | 1/53 | 2% | 1/4 |
Hypotonia | 29/35 | 83% | 2/2 | 33/46 | 72% | 2/4 | 13/38 | 34% | 0/4 |
Seizures | 13/53 | 25% | 0/2 | 14/62 | 23% | 0/4 | 1/49 | 2% | 0/4 |
Athetoid/Dystonic Movements | 1/15 | 6% | 0/2 | 17/85 | 20% | 0/4 | 0/49 | 0% | 0/4 |
Corpus Callosum Dysgenesis | 2/20 | 10% | NE | 26/53 | 49% | NE | 0/3 | 0% | NE |
Pachygryria | 30/46 | 65% | NE | 0/53 | 0% | NE | 0/3 | 0% | NE |
Strabismus | 21/48 | 44% | 1/2 | 17/48 | 35% | 1/4 | 0/3 | 0% | 0/4 |
Cataract/corneal clouding | 1/38 | 3% | 0/2 | 13/88 | 15% | 0/4 | 0/3 | 0% | 0/4 |
Osteopenia | NE | NE | 1/2 | 38/52 | 73% | 1/1 | 50/52 | 96% | 4/4 |
Fractures | 5/55 | 9% | 0/2 | 3/23 | 13% | 0/4 | 39/53 | 74% | 2/4 |
Congenital hip dislocation | 9/15 | 60% | 1/2 | 53/86 | 62% | 1/4 | 36/53 | 68% | 1/4 |
Wormian bonses | NE | NE | 0/2 | 20/32 | 63% | NE | 15/36 | 42% | NE |
Hyperextensibility of joints | 40/46 | 87% | 2/2 | 75/79 | 95% | 4/4 | 45/46 | 98% | 3/4 |
Dislocations | 0/7 | 0% | 0/2 | 2/8 | 25% | 2/4 | NE | NE | 0/4 |
Adducted thumbs | 0/5 | 0% | 0/2 | 28/45 | 62% | 4/4 | NE | NE | 1/4 |
Wrinkled skin | 60/60 | 100% | 2/2 | 93/93 | 100% | 4/4 | 53/53 | 100% | 4/4 |
Visible veins on the chest | NE | NE | 0/2 | 46/53 | 87% | 4/4 | 9/43 | 21% | 0/4 |
Hernia | 17/36 | 47% | 1/2 | 33/84 | 39% | 2/4 | 1/43 | 2% | 2/4 |
Flat feet | 1/3 | 33% | 1/2 | 5/7 | 71% | 3/4 | NE | NE | 1/4 |
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Kariminejad, A.; Afroozan, F.; Bozorgmehr, B.; Ghanadan, A.; Akbaroghli, S.; Khorram Khorshid, H.R.; Mojahedi, F.; Setoodeh, A.; Loh, A.; Tan, Y.X.; et al. Discriminative Features in Three Autosomal Recessive Cutis Laxa Syndromes: Cutis Laxa IIA, Cutis Laxa IIB, and Geroderma Osteoplastica. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030635
Kariminejad A, Afroozan F, Bozorgmehr B, Ghanadan A, Akbaroghli S, Khorram Khorshid HR, Mojahedi F, Setoodeh A, Loh A, Tan YX, et al. Discriminative Features in Three Autosomal Recessive Cutis Laxa Syndromes: Cutis Laxa IIA, Cutis Laxa IIB, and Geroderma Osteoplastica. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(3):635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030635
Chicago/Turabian StyleKariminejad, Ariana, Fariba Afroozan, Bita Bozorgmehr, Alireza Ghanadan, Susan Akbaroghli, Hamid Reza Khorram Khorshid, Faezeh Mojahedi, Aria Setoodeh, Abigail Loh, Yu Xuan Tan, and et al. 2017. "Discriminative Features in Three Autosomal Recessive Cutis Laxa Syndromes: Cutis Laxa IIA, Cutis Laxa IIB, and Geroderma Osteoplastica" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 3: 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030635