Epigenetic Bases of Aberrant Glycosylation in Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epigenetic-Regulation of Cancer Associated Structures
2.1. Core Glycosylation of N-Linked Chains
2.1.1. Core Fucosylation
2.1.2. Bisecting GlcNAc, β1,6 and β1,4 Branching
2.2. Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation
2.3. Gangliosides
2.4. Type 1 and Type 2 Chain Elongation
2.5. Type 1 and type 2 Chain Termination
2.5.1. Major Glycosyltransferases Involved in Chain Termination
2.5.2. Lewis and Sda Antigens
2.5.3. Sia6LAcNAc and ST6GAL1
2.5.4. Other Sialyltransferases
2.5.5. AB0
2.6. Glycosaminoglycans
3. Epigenetic Regulation of Sugar binding Molecules: The Galectins
3.1. Galectin 1
3.2. Galectin 3
3.3. Galectin 7
3.4. Galectin 9
4. Glycosylation as a Part of the Epigenetic Code: O-GlcNAc
5. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
5-AZA | 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine |
EMT | Epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
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Target | Epigenetic Mechanism | Effect | Tissues/Cells Involved | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Galactosyltransferases | ||||
A3GALT1/A3GALNT | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Bladder and oral cancer | [107,108] |
B3GALT5 native | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Colon cancer | [53,54] |
B3GALT5 LTR | Distant sequence methylation | Up-regulation | Colon cancer | [54,56] |
B4GALT1 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Colon cancer | [57] |
B4GALT3 | miR-27a | Up-regulation | Cervical cancer | [58] |
C1GALT1 chaperone Cosmc | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | B lymphocyte and other model cell lines | [43,44] |
N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferases | ||||
GALNT1 | miR-129 | Down-regulation | Bladder cancer | [34] |
GALNT4 | miR-9 | Down-regulation | Liver and cervical cancer | [35,36] |
GALNT7 | miR-34° -34c | Down-regulation | Laryngeal cancer | [37] |
miR-214 | Down-regulation | Esophageal cancer | [38] | |
miR-17-3p | Down-regulation | Liver cell lines and mouse model | [40] | |
GALNT10 | miR-122 | Down-regulation | Liver cancer | [41] |
GALNT13 | miR-424 | Down-regulation | Breast and HEK293 cell lines | [33] |
GALNT14 | miR-125a | Down-regulation | Ovarian cancer | [42] |
A3GALNT/A3GALT1 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Bladder and oral cancer | [107,108] |
B4GALNT2 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Gastrointestinal cancer | [80,81] |
N-acetyl-glucosaminyl transferases | ||||
MGAT3 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Mammary model and ovarian and liver cell lines | [25,26,27,28,29] |
MGAT4 | miR-424 | Down-regulation | Breast and HEK293 cell lines | [33] |
MGAT5 | Distant methylation | Down-regulation | Ovarian cell line | [28] |
MGAT5 | Distant methylation | Up-regulation | Melanoma hybrid cell line | [32] |
B3GLCT | miR-200 | Down-regulation | Breast cell line | [50] |
B3GNT7 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Colon cancer | [59] |
OGT | miR-424 | unclear | Breast and HEK293 cell lines | [33] |
Sialyltransferases | ||||
ST3GAL1 | miR-4701-5p | Down-regulation | Chronic myeloid leukemia | [103] |
ST3GAL2 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Prostate cell lines | [48] |
ST3GAL3 | Promoter methylation | unknown | Whole methylome | [70] |
ST3GAL5 | miR-200 | Down-regulation | Breast cell line | [50] |
miR-26a, miR-548l, miR-34a | Down-regulation | Liver cancer | [51] | |
ST3GAL6 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Colon cancer cell line | [71] |
miR-26a | Down-regulation | Liver cancer | [102] | |
ST6GAL1 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Glioma, bladder and breast cancer | [97,98,99] |
miR-199a | Down-regulation | Lung and HEK293 cell lines | [100] | |
ST6GALNAC1 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Esophageal cancer | [46] |
ST6GALNAC4 | miR-4299 | Down-regulation | Thyroid cancer | [104] |
ST6GALNAC5 | Promoter methylation | No regulation | Colon cancer | [49] |
miR-200 | Down-regulation | Breast cell line | [50] | |
ST6GALNAC6 | Putative promoter methylation/ histone deacetylation | Down-regulation | Colon cancer | [67] |
ST8SIA4 | miR26a-26b | Down-regulation | Breast cancer | [101] |
Fucosyltransferases | ||||
FUT2 | miR-15b | Down-regulation | Liver cancer | [110] |
FUT3 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Gastric and tongue cell lines | [68,69] |
FUT4 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Skin cell lines | [84] |
miR-224-3p | Down-regulation | Breast cancer | [85] | |
miR-493-5p | Down-regulation | Breast cancer | [86] | |
FUT6 | miR-106b | Down-regulation | Breast cancer | [87] |
FUT8 | miR-198 | Up-regulation | Colon cancer | [19] |
miR-122 -34a 26a -146a | Down-regulation | Liver cancer | [20,21] | |
Sulfotransferases | ||||
HS3STs | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Chondrosarcoma cell line | [111] |
Nucleotide donor transporters | ||||
DTDST | Histone deacetylation | Down-regulation | Colon cancer | [72] |
Galectins | ||||
LGALS3 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Colon, prostate and pituitary cancer | [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119] |
Promoter hypomethylation | Up-regulation | Thyroid cancer | [120] | |
miR-322 | Down-regulation | Breast, lung, prostate and HEK293 cell lines | [122] | |
miR-128 | Down-regulation | Colon cancer | [121] | |
LGALS7 | Promoter methylation | Down-regulation | Gastric cancer and lymphomas | [123,124] |
LGALS9 | miR-22 | Down-regulation | Liver cancer | [126] |
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Dall’Olio, F.; Trinchera, M. Epigenetic Bases of Aberrant Glycosylation in Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18050998
Dall’Olio F, Trinchera M. Epigenetic Bases of Aberrant Glycosylation in Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(5):998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18050998
Chicago/Turabian StyleDall’Olio, Fabio, and Marco Trinchera. 2017. "Epigenetic Bases of Aberrant Glycosylation in Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 5: 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18050998