The Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Vitamin D Sources, Metabolism, and Action
3. Vitamin D and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases
3.1. Mechanisms
3.2. Animal Studies
3.3. Human Studies
4. Vitamin D and Thyroid Cancers
4.1. Mechanisms
4.2. In Vitro and Animal Studies
4.3. Human Studies
5. Limitations in the Study of Vitamin D
6. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sources | Study Subjects | Low Vitamin D Status (25(OH)D Level (nmol/L)) | |
---|---|---|---|
Criteria | Notable Findings | ||
Kivity et al., 2011 [21] | 50 AITD (28 HT, 22 GD), 42 non-AITD, 98 healthy controls | <25 | 70% of HT, 64% of GD, 52% of non-AITD patients, 30% of controls (SD) |
Tamer et al., 2011 [22] | 161 HT, 162 healthy controls | <75 | 91.9% of HT, 63% of controls (SD) |
Bozkurt et al., 2013 [23] | 180 euthyroid HT, 180 newly diagnosed HT, 180 healthy controls | <25 | 48.3% vs. 35% vs. 20.5% of each groups (SD); correlated with thyroid volume (r = 0.15), anti-TPO (r = −0.36), anti-Tg levels (r = −0.34) (SD) |
Mansournia et al., 2014 [24] | 41 hypothyroid HT, 45 healthy controls | NA | inverse association with HT (OR 0.81 for 12.5 nmol/L increase in 25(OH)D) (SD) |
Shin et al., 2014 [25] | 111 AITD, 193 non-AITD patients | NA | 31.5 nmol/L in AITD, 36.2 nmol/L in non-AITD (SD); negative correlation between 25(OH)D and anti-TPO levels (r = −0.252) (SD) |
Unal et al., 2014 [26] | 254 newly diagnosed HT, 27 GD, 124 healthy controls | NA | 37.2 vs. 48.4 vs. 56.2 nmol/L in each groups (SD); correlated with anti-Tg (r = −0.14), anti-TPO levels (r = −0.18) (SD) |
Choi et al., 2014 [27] | 673 anti-TPO (+), 6012 anti-TPO (−) subjects for routine health checkups | <25 (D) 25–75 (I) >75 (S) | 50.7 nmol/L in anti-TPO (+), 56.4 nmol/L in anti-TPO (−) in premenopausal women (SD); anti-TPO (+) 21.2%, 15.5.%, and 12.6% in D, I, S groups in premenopausal women (SD); OR 1.95 for TPO-Ab (+) (SD) |
Wang et al., 2015 [28] | 1714 subjects for population-based health survey | NA | correlation (r = −0.12) between 25(OH)D and anti-Tg levels only in female subjects (SD) |
Kim, 2016 [29] | 369 AITD (221 HT. 148 GD), 407 non-AITD patients | <75 | 46.1% of AITD, 48.9% of HT, 41.9% of GD, 37.1% of non-AITD (SD); lower vitamin D status in overt hypothyroid HT than other HT groups or non-AITD (SD) |
Muscogiuri et al., 2016 [31] | 168 elderly subjects | <50 (D) | prevalence of AIT 28% vs. 8% in D and non-D groups (SD); correlation between 25(OH) D and anti-TPO levels (r = −0.27) (SD) |
Camurdan et al., 2012 [32] | 152 children (78 recently diagnosed HT, 74 controls) | <32.5 | 73.1% of HT, 17.6% of controls (SD); 31.2 vs. 57.9 nmol/L (SD); inverse correlation with anti-TPO levels (r = −0.30) (SD) |
Evliyaoğlu et al., 2015 [33] | 169 Turkish children (90 HT, 79 healthy controls) | <50 | 71.1% of HT, 51.9% of controls (SD); 41.6 vs. 52.4 nmol/L (SD); OR 2.28 for HT risk in 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L |
Metwalley et al., 2016 [34] | 112 Egyptian children (56 AIT, 56 healthy, age- and sex-matched controls | <12.5 (DD) 12.5–37.5 (D) 37.5–50 (I) 50–250 (S) | vitamin D deficiency rate 71.4% of AIT, 21.4% of controls (SD); 16.2 vs. 33.9 nmol/L (SD); negative correlations between 25(OH)D and disease duration, anti-TPO, anti-Tg, and TSH (r = −0.676, −0.533, −0.487, −0.445, respectively) (SD) |
Goswami et al., 2009 [35] | 642 students, teachers and staff aged 16–60 years | <25 | no association with anti-TPO positivity; weak inverse correlation between 25(OH)D and anti-TPO levels (r = −0.08) |
Effraimidis et al., 2012 [36] | 803 subjects from the Amsterdam AITD cohort | NA | no association with early stages of thyroid autoimmunity |
D’Aurizio et al., 2015 [11] | 100 AITD (52 HT, 48 GD), 126 healthy controls | <50 nmol/L | no difference |
Yasmeh et al., 2016 [37] | 97 HT, 88 healthy controls | <50 (D) 50–74.9 (I) ≥75 (S) | no association between HT and vitamin D deficiency; S 51.7% of HT vs. 31.1% controls in females (SD); 76.8 vs. 68.8 nmol/L in HT and control females (SD); correlation between 25(OH)D and anti-TPO levels (r = 0.436) in males (SD) |
Yasuda et al., 2012 [38] | 72 females (26 new onset GD, healthy controls) | <37.5 nmol/L | 65.4% of GD, 32.4% of controls (SD); 35.9 vs. 42.7 nmol/L (SD); correlation between 25(OH)D and thyroid volume (r = −0.45) (SD) |
Yasuda et al., 2013 [39] | 103 females (36 non-remission GD, 18 remission GD, 49 controls) | NA | 36.2 vs. 45.4 vs. 46.4 nmol/L (SD) |
Zhang et al., 2015 [40] | 70 GD, 70 controls | <50 nmol/L | higher vitamin D deficiency rates and lower 25(OH)D levels in anti-TSHR (+) GD than anti-TSHR (−) GD or controls (SD); inverse correlation between 25(OH)D and anti-TSHR levels in anti-TSHR (+) GD |
Sources | Study Subjects | Low Vitamin D Status (25(OH)D Level (nmol/L)) | |
---|---|---|---|
Criteria | Notable Findings | ||
Roskies et al., 2012 [61] | 212 patients undergoing thyroidectomy | <37.5 (D) | malignancy rate 75% vs. 37.5% in D and non-D group (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.07–2.66) (SD) |
Sahin et al., 2013 [62] | 344 PTC, 116 controls | <50 | 70.6% of PTC, 59.3% of controls; 42.4 vs. 47.4 nmol/L (SD); association between tumor diameter and log-25(OH)D (B = 0.207) (SD) |
Kim et al., 2014 [63] | 548 females undergoing total thyroidectomy for PTC | <46.2 (median) | higher risk of T stage 3/4, LNM, lateral LNM, stage III/IV (SD); lower 25(OH)D levels in patients with a tumor size >1 cm or LNM (SD) |
Stepien et al., 2010 [64] | 50 TC (27 PTC, 16 FTC, 7 ATC), 34 MNG, 26 healthy controls | NA | no difference in 25(OH)D levels; lower 1,25(OH)2D levels in TC than controls (SD); inverse relationship between 1,25(OH)2D levels and tumor stage (SD) |
Penna-Martinez et al., 2009 [65] | 172 TC (132 PTC, 40 FTC), 321 healthy controls | <50 | no difference vitamin D deficiency rates and 25(OH)D levels; higher 1,25(OH)2D deficiency and lower 1,25(OH)2D levels in TC than controls (SD) |
Penna-Martinez et al., 2012 [66] | 253 TC (205 PTC, 48 FTC), 302 healthy controls | <25 (DD) 25–50 (D) 50–75 (I) >75 (S) | no difference in vitamin D status and 25(OH)D levels; lower 1,25(OH)2D levels in TC than controls (SD); lower 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D levels in TC patients with certain CYP24A1 haplotypes |
Laney et al., 2010 [67] | 69 TC (45 in remission, 24 active), 42 benign thyroid nodule patients | <75 | no difference vitamin D deficiency rates and 25(OH)D levels |
Jonklaas et al., 2013 [68] | 65 euthyroid patients undergoing thyroidectomy | NA | no association between 25(OH)D levels and malignancy rate, stage, or other prognostic features |
Lizis-Kolus et al., 2013 [69] | 80 females (40 PTC, 40 HT) | NA | no association between 25(OH)D levels and malignancy rate or stage |
Ahn et al., 2016 [70] | 820 PTC | <24.7 24.7–32.9 33.0–44.1 44.2–110.0 | no association between vitamin D status and disease aggressiveness or poor outcomes |
Danilovic et al., 2016 [71] | 433 patients undergoing thyroidectomy (199 TC, 234 benign nodule) | <50 | no difference in vitamin D deficiency rates and 25(OH)D levels |
Kim, 2016 [72] | 410 patients undergoing US-guided FNA for thyroid nodules (44 TC, 366 benign) | <75 | no difference in vitamin D deficiency and 25(OH)D levels; no association with cancer stage or other prognostic features |
Choi et al., 2017 [73] | 5186 euthyroid subjects without AITD undergoing routine health check-ups (53 TC) | <25 (D) 25–75 (I) 75–125 (S) >125 (E) | no difference in vitamin D status and 25(OH)D levels |
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Kim, D. The Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091949
Kim D. The Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(9):1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091949
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Dohee. 2017. "The Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 9: 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091949
APA StyleKim, D. (2017). The Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(9), 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091949