SPACIA1/SAAL1 Deletion Results in a Moderate Delay in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Activity, along with mRNA Decay of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 6 Gene

Abstract

This study was performed to elucidate the molecular function of the synoviocyte proliferation-associated in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) 1/serum amyloid A-like 1 (SPACIA1/SAAL1) in mice CIA, an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and human RA-synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). SPACIA1/SAAL1-deficient mice were generated and used to create mouse models of CIA in mild or severe disease conditions. Cell cycle-related genes, whose expression levels were affected by SPACIA1/SAAL1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), were screened. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects of SPACIA1/SAAL1 siRNA on cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 6 gene expression were investigated in human RASFs. SPACIA1/SAAL1-deficient mice showed later onset and slower progression of CIA than wild-type mice in severe disease conditions, but not in mild conditions. Expression levels of cdk6, but not cdk4, which are D-type cyclin partners, were downregulated by SPACIA1/SAAL1 siRNA at the post-transcriptional level. The exacerbation of CIA depends on SPACIA1/SAAL1 expression, although CIA also progresses slowly in the absence of SPACIA1/SAAL1. The CDK6, expression of which is up-regulated by the SPACIA1/SAAL1 expression, might be a critical factor in the exacerbation of CIA.

1. Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia [1,2]. Activated synovial fibroblasts, a major component of the hyperplastic synovial lining, are important in the pathogenesis of synovitis because they secrete cytokines and chemokines, leading to exacerbation of inflammation. Immuno-suppressive biologics such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors with methotrexate (MTX) have become an important part of the standard care for RA [3]. Folate antagonism by MTX is well known to exert anti-proliferative effects, but the administration of folic or folinic acid with MTX does not diminish the anti-inflammatory potential. Therefore, it is assumed that the anti-proliferative effects of MTX may not work in RA [4]. On the contrary, other studies have shown the potential of an anti-proliferative strategy using a kinase inhibitor of both cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and CDK6, cyclin D partners in the cell cycle, in some mouse models of RA [5,6]. We believe that the abnormal synovial proliferation in RA should be a crucial target for drug discovery.

In our previous study, we identified synoviocyte proliferation-associated in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) 1/serum amyloid A-like 1 (SPACIA1/SAAL1) as an overexpressed gene in the joint tissue of mice with CIA and indicated that the gene was associated with abnormal synovial proliferation in human RA [7]. We also showed that SPACIA1/SAAL1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited the proliferation of RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in vitro and that SPACIA1/SAAL1 transgenic mice exhibited early onset and rapid progression of CIA. These findings suggested that SPACIA1/SAAL1 could be involved in the progression of synovitis. In the present study, we generated SPACIA1/SAAL1-deficient mice and observed the molecular function of SPACIA1/SAAL1 in mice CIA and human RASFs.

2. Results

2.1. Generation of SPACIA1-Deficient Mice

A schematic representation of the SPACIA1/SAAL1 targeted locus to generate SPACIA1-deficient mice is shown in Figure 1. The deletion of exon 4 in the SPACIA1-deficient mice was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis (Figure 1). Heterozygous mice (SPACIA1^+/−) and even homozygous (SPACIA1^−/−) lacking SPACIA1 systemically developed normally and did not show obvious abnormalities.

2.2. Progression of CIA in SPACIA1-Deficient Mice

In the previous study using SPACIA1 overexpressing mice, we reported that SPACIA1 is a synovitis modifying factor [7]. In this study, to confirm whether SPACIA1 is essential in the progression of synovitis, arthritis was induced using collagen in the SPACIA1-deficient mice (Figure 2). In CIA, different effects on the incidence and arthritis score are usually observed among the different production lots of bovine type II collagen (CII). We administered highly- or moderately-effective lots of CII to SPACIA1-deficient and wild-type (wt) mice. The highly effective lot of CII (labeled “Severe” in Figure 2) eventually caused an arthritis incidence of 100% (Figure 2A) and a high arthritis severity in the wt mice (Figure 2B). On day 30 after the 1st injection, the arthritis incidence of the SPACIA1-deficient mice was significantly reduced compared with that of the wt mice (Figure 2A). On days 30 to 35 after the 1st injection, the arthritis severity of the SPACIA1-deficient mice was also significantly reduced (Figure 2B). However, no significant differences in arthritis incidence, arthritis severity, antibody titers against bovine CII or histological score were observed on day 42 (Figure 2A,B,E,F). On the other hand, the moderately-effective lot of CII (labeled “Mild” in Figure 2) ultimately resulted in an arthritis incidence of 71% and 56% in SPACIA1-deficient and wt mice, respectively (Figure 2C). The arthritis severity was also moderate (Figure 2D). Under these conditions, no significant differences were observed in arthritis incidence, arthritis severity, antibody titers against bovine CII or histological score between SPACIA1-deficient and wt mice (Figure 2C–F). SPACIA1 was therefore not essential in the progression of synovitis.

2.3. Identification of Cell Cycle Regulators Altered at the mRNA Expression Level by SPACIA1

In our previous study, we reported that SPACIA1 is highly expressed in the hyperplastic synovial lining from patients with RA, and could relate RA synovial fibroblast proliferation at the first growth (G1) phase of cell cycle [7]. To identify the cell cycle regulators that are affected by the SPACIA1 expression, we measured the mRNA expression of G1 phase-related genes in RASFs transfected with SPACIA1 siRNA, compared with mock siRNA. SPACIA1 siRNA effectively reduced SPACIA1 mRNA expression in RASFs (Figure 3A). Only the expression of cdk6 gene was altered two-fold or more by SPACIA1 siRNA in the G1 phase-related genes that we picked up. The log2 ratio of cdk6 was −1.6 (

Table 1. Log2 ratio of G1-phase related-genes in human rheumatoid arthritis-synovial fibroblasts treated with siRNA for SPACIA1.

G1-phase Related-Genes	Accession Numbers	Log2 Ratio
cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6)	NM_001259	−1.6
cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)	NM_000075	0.04
cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)	NM_001786	−0.81
cyclin D1 (CCND1)	NM_053056	−0.07
cyclin D2 (CCND2)	NM_001759	0.29
cyclin D3 (CCND3)	NM_001760	−0.08
cyclin E1 (CCNE1)	NM_001238	0.31
cyclin E2 (CCNE2)	NM_057749	−0.86
p16 Ink4a (CDKN2A)	NM_058197	−0.11
p15 Ink4b (CDKN2B)	NM_004936	0.28
p18 Ink4c (CDKN2C)	NM_078626	−0.33
p19 Ink4d (CDKN2D)	NM_001800	0.23
p21 Cip1 (CDKN1A)	NM_078467	−0.27
p27 Kip1 (CDKN1B)	NM_004064	0.01
p57 Kip2 (CDKN1C)	NM_000076	0.17
Chk1 (CHEK1)	NM_001114121	−0.1
Chk2 (CHEK2)	NM_001005735	−0.04
cdc25A(CDC25A)	NM_001789	−0.39

). These results were confirmed by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). The mRNA expression of cdk6 was reduced to half by SPACIA siRNA in RASFs, while that of CDK4, CCN (cyclin) D1, CCNE2 and CDK2 were not significantly altered (Figure 3A). SPACIA1 siRNA also reduced the expression of CDK6 at the protein level (Figure 3B).

2.4. Expression of CDK6 Protein in Human RA-Synovial Tissue

To confirm the expression of the CDK6 protein in human RA-synovitis tissues in vivo, we performed immunohistochemistry, using synovitis tissues from RA patients. Anti-CDK6 antibody-specific signals were observed in RA-synovitis tissues, compared with the control of rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) (Figure 4A). More intense staining with the anti-CDK6 antibody was observed in multiple (>5) layers of synovial tissue (Figure 4B).

2.5. SPACIA1 Expression Affected cdk6-mRNA Stability, but Not Proximal Promoter Activity of cdk6 Gene

To identify the step in cdk6 gene-expression that is affected by the SPACIA1 expression, we first performed reporter assays, using the proximal promoter of the cdk6 gene in RASFs. The cdk6-promoters (Figure 5A) that we tested (2.5, 1.6 and 0.9 kb DNA fragments upstream of the cdk6-start codon) showed almost equal promoter activities in RASFs, and these activities showed an approximately 8-fold increase compared with the control vector (pGV-CS2). However, no alterations caused by SPACIA1-siRNA were observed, at least in these promoters (Figure 5B). Second, we performed mRNA stability assays. SPACIA1 siRNA significantly reduced cdk6-mRNA stability compared with mock siRNA. Sixty minutes after Actinomycin-D treatment, the amount of cdk6-mRNA with SPACIA1 siRNA was reduced to approximately 60%, compared with mock siRNA (Figure 5C). SPACIA1 related to cdk6-mRNA expression at the post-transcriptional level.

3. Discussion

In our previous study, we employed the mild (modified) form of CIA, using half the amount of CII for the 2nd injection, in transgenic mice overexpressing SPACIA1, because no significant alterations were observed in the severe (general) form of CIA, compared with wt mice [7]. In mild CIA, SPACIA1-overexpressing mice showed early onset and rapid progression of CIA. These results indicate that endogenous SPACIA1 expression in wt mice reached a plateau in severe CIA, but not in mild CIA. We, therefore, concluded that overexpression of SPACIA1 accelerates the progression of synovitis. In this study, we also employed both severe and mild forms of CIA in SPACIA-deficient mice. In severe CIA, SPACIA1-deficient mice showed later onset and slower progression of CIA than wt mice, indicating that the rapid progression of CIA in wt mice depends on SPACIA1 expression. Meanwhile, in the mild CIA, SPACIA1-deficient mice did not show any significant alterations compared to wt mice (Figure 2C–F). This suggests that CIA might progress independently of the SPACIA1 expression, even in wt mice. Summarizing the above, we reconfirmed that SPACIA1 is an exacerbation factor of CIA, although CIA also progresses slowly in the absence of SPACIA1. Some exacerbation factors that are induced by the SPACIA1 expression, such as CDK6, should be also induced by the other mechanism without SPACIA1. For instance, TNFα signaling induces cdk6 gene expression in Michigan Cancer Foundation 7 (MCF7) cells, a human breast cancer cell line [8]. Therefore, we have explored such factors that are induced by SPACIA1, not SPACIA1 itself, as drug targets in RA.

As we previously reported [7], SPACIA1 was screened as a factor suspected of showing altered expression in mouse CIA and affecting proliferation of cultured RASFs and was confirmed to be implicated in the G1 phase progression of RASFs. In this study, we screened for G1 phase-related genes, the expression of which was affected by the SPACIA1 expression and identified the cdk6 gene (Table 1 and Figure 3). SPACIA1 was implicated in the decay of cdk6 mRNA (Figure 5C) but did not affect proximal promoter activity (Figure 5B). SPACIA1 might thus be a factor regulating the mRNA stability of some inflammation-related genes. In future work, we intend to identify the SPACIA1-responsible element on cdk6 mRNA.

Synovial proliferation is important in the pathology of RA, as well as abnormal immune responses and inflammation, and therefore constitutes a suitable drug target. However, almost no anti-proliferative agents have been developed to treat RA, while there are many immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies. Folate antagonism is well known as the antiproliferative effect of MTX. However, other groups have shown that administration of folic or folinic acid with MTX does not diminish the anti-inflammatory potential. This result suggests that the anti-proliferative effect of MTX might not be a major mechanism in RA treatment [4]. Furthermore, Thomas S. et al. reported MTX is a JAK/STAT inhibitor [9], not an inhibitor of AP1 and NF-κB pathways that activate proliferation. Kohsaka et al. also focused on anti-proliferative agents in RA treatment [5,6]. Their anti-CDK 4/6 agent is effective and has a synergistic effect with anti-TNF agents in some animal models of RA. Incidentally, double deficiency of both cdk4 and cdk6 results in either late embryonic or postnatal lethality, while single deficiency of cdk4 or cdk6 does not [10]. In fact, administration of an overdose of anti-CDK 4/6 agent causes cytopenia as previously described [6]. In this study, SPACIA1 siRNA down-regulated CDK6, but not CDK4, in RASFs. Single inhibition of CDK6, but not CDK4, may have the potential for the treatment of RA, without causing side effects such as cytopenia. In future work, we aim to validate the potential of anti-CDK6 agents in mouse RA models.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Animals

Mice were raised under conventional conditions at our own facilities. Tap water and food were provided ad libitum.

4.2. Gene Targeting in ES Cells and Generation of the SPACIA1-Deficient Mouse Line

Generation of the SPACIA1-deficient mouse line was carried out by Ozgene Pty Ltd. (Bentley, Australia). Briefly, to ablate the functional mouse SPACIA1/SAAL1 locus, we targeted its exon 4 for deletion using both the flippase/flippase recogition target (FLP/frt) and causes recombinase/locus of crossover (x) in P1 (CRE/loxP) systems to cause a frame-shift mutation (Figure 1). The mouse SPACIA1/SAAL1 locus was generated by PCR from C57BL/6 mouse genomic DNA and its sequence was confirmed. The targeting construct was linearized and transfected into embryonic stem (ES) cells by electroporation. Recombinant ES cell clones were selected using G418 and injected into C57BL/6 mouse-derived blastocysts. The exon 4 and neomycin selection cassette was flanked by loxP recombination sites and excised in vivo by crossing with the Oz-Cre deleter strain (Ozgene). Finally, the SPACIA1-deficient mice were backcrossed onto the DBA/1J, a DBA/1 mouse strain distributed from The Jackson Laboratory, for 10 or more generations.

4.3. Induction and Assessment of CIA

To induce CIA in SPACIA1-deficient mice, two different production lots of CII were used. One lot of the collagen caused severe arthritis (Figure 2A,B), while the other caused mild arthritis (Figure 2C,D). Mice were injected into the base of the tail with 100 µg CII (highly- or moderately-effective lot) per mouse for both 1st and 2nd injection. Then, the arthritis score was assessed three times per week using Hughes’s scoring system [11]. All of the mice were sacrificed by decapitation, and then samples of their blood were collected to measure the antibody titers against bovine CII and the knee joints were harvested for histological analysis.

4.4. Gene Expression Analysis

To analyze the effect of SPACIA1 siRNA on mRNA expression of cell cycle-related genes in RASFs, SPACIA1- and mock siRNA were transfected into RASFs as described in our previous report [7]. Seventy-two hours after transfection, the cells were harvested and total RNA was extracted using ISOGEN (Nippon Gene, Tokyo, Japan). DNA array analysis using the total RNA and Agilent SurePrint G3 human GE 8×60 K microarray was carried out by TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan. For qRT-PCR assay, cDNA was prepared from the total RNA above, using reverse transcriptase (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Target genes were amplified using an ABI 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with the following specific primers: hCDK2, 5′-cctggatgaagatggacggagc-3′ (forward) and 5′-ggcttcaagaaggctatcagagtc-3′ (reverse) (product length, 151 bp); hCDK4, 5′-tgcagtcggtggtacctgagatg-3′ (forward) and 5′-gctcaccggattaccttcatcc-3′ (reverse) (product length, 144 bp); hCDK6, 5′-gctgtctcactctagcaaccatcc-3′ (forward) and 5′-tcagagcattctgaagacagtagcc-3′ (reverse) (product length, 113 bp); hCCND1, 5′-gtacctgtaggactctcattcggg-3′ (forward) and 5′-cagcactgtgagctggcttcattg-3′ (reverse) (product length, 173 bp); hCCNE2, 5′-aggcattatgacaccaccgaaga-3′ (forward) and 5′-gaattggctagggcaatcaatcac-3′ (reverse) (product length, 165 bp); human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (hGAPDH), 5′-gcaccgtcaaggctgagaac-3′ (forward) and 5′-atggtggtgaagacgccagt-3′ (reverse) (product length, 141 bp); hSPACIA1, 5′-ggagtactggccaagtccaagtg-3′ (forward) and 5′-ccagcagagtaggtgggtctgaa-3′ (reverse) (product length, 165 bp). Human GAPDH was utilized for normalization. Each sample was tested in triplicate, and the relative gene expression levels were normalized using the 2^−ΔΔCt method.

4.5. Western Blotting

To investigate CDK6 protein expression in RASFs with SPACIA1- or mock siRNA, Western blotting assay was performed as previously described [7], using anti-human CDK6 antibody sc-177 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and anti-human alpha-tubulin antibody T5168 (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) as the internal control.

4.6. Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry was performed as described in our previous report [7]. All of the synovial tissue specimens that were used in this study are from patients to undergo artificial knee joint replacement. The specimen, shown in Figure 4, is from a RA patient who treated with MTX + certolizumab pegol + prednisolone before the joint replacement. The duration of disease was 8 years. Briefly, the tissue specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and then embedded in paraffin. Deparaffinized tissue sections (5-μm thick) were antigen-retrieved by pressure cooker in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0) and 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid buffer for 3 min, and then incubated with anti-human CDK6 antibody sc-177 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) (2 µg/mL), or normal rabbit IgG (2 µg/mL). Afterwards, the sections were rinsed and visualized by immunoperoxidase staining with the Vectastain Elite ABC kit (Vector Laboratories Ltd., Peterborough, UK) and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride substrate. Mayer’s hematoxylin was used as a counterstain. Normal rabbit IgG and normal mouse IgG were used as negative controls.

4.7. Promoter Assay

To find the SPACIA1-responsible element in the proximal promoter region of the cdk6 gene, reporter assays were performed in RASFs [12]. DNA fragments upstream of the start codon of the cdk6 gene were amplified by PCR using the following primer sets: 5′-cgcaagcttattggagttaaacacacgcc-3′ (forward), 5′-gctccatggtcggtctagctttacttgc (reverse) (product length, 2.5 kbp). The fragment was cloned into the pGV-CS2 reporter vector (Nippon Gene) containing the luciferase gene without a promoter. Deletion constructs of 1.6 kbp and 0.9 kbp (Figure 5A,B) were obtained using internal Kpn I and Bst XI restriction enzyme sites in the 2.5 kbp fragments. Twenty-four hours after transfection of each reporter vector into RASFs, promoter activity was measured using the Luciferase Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA).

4.8. Messenger-RNA Stability Assay

RASFs were transfected with SPACIA1- or mock siRNA for 72 h and treated with Actinomycin D (Sigma-Aldrich) at 1 μg/mL. The cells were harvested 0, 0.5, and 1 h after the addition of Actinomycin D. The cdk6 mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR.

4.9. Statistical Analyses

The chi-square test (or Fisher’s exact test) was used to compare the incidence of arthritis between SPACIA1-deficient and wt mice (Figure 2A,C). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the arthritis scores (Figure 2B,D) and the histopathological scores (Figure 2F) between SPACIA1-deficient and wt mice. All other statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student’s t-test. The criterion for statistically significant differences was p < 0.05.

4.10. Ethical Considerations

All human (No. 1315, 7 January 2008) and animal (No. 31M0912T2, 26 December 2009) experimental protocols in this study were approved by the Ethics Review Committee of St. Marianna University School of Medicine. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. We obtained signed consent forms from all of the patients in the study before collecting joint tissue samples from them.