Current Insights into Oral Cancer Epigenetics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epigenetics—An Emerging Concept
3. DNA Methylation
4. Histone Modifications
5. Nucleosome Positioning and Histone Variants
6. Non-Coding RNAs—miRNAs
7. Epigenetic Landscape in Oral Cancer
8. DNA Methylation in Oral Cancer
9. Histone Modifications in Oral Cancer
10. Epigenetic Alterations of miRNAs in Oral Cancer
11. Epigenetic Therapies in Oral Cancer
12. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Mechanism | Locus | Epigenetic Modification | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
CDKN2A/p16 | Cell cycle, senescence | 9p21 | Hypermethylation | [73,74,90,91,92] |
CDH1/E-cadherin | EMT, adhesion | 16q22.1 | Hypermethylation * | [73,74,75,77] |
PTEN | Differentiation, survival, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis | 10q23.3 | Hypermethylation * | [84,89] |
DAPK1 | Apoptosis | 9q34.1 | Hypermethylation | [93,94,95] |
MGMT | DNA repair | 10q26 | Hypermethylation | [90,92,94,96] |
RARB2 | Cell proliferation | 3p24 | Hypermethylation | [97,98] |
RASSF1/2 | Cell cycle, apoptosis, and microtubule formation | 3p21.3/20p13 | Hypermethylation | [99,100] |
APC | Cell proliferation | 5q22.2 | Hypermethylation | [64,65] |
Survivin | Cell proliferation and apoptosis | 17q25 | Hypomethylation | [70,71,101] |
MLH1 | DNA repair | 3p22.2 | Hypermethylation | [73,102,103] |
p14(ARF) | Cell proliferation, division, angiogenesis | 9p21 | Hypermethylation | [104,105,106] |
p15INK4B | Cell cycle | 9p21.3 | Hypermethylation | [104,107] |
p16INK4A | Cell cycle, senescence | 9p21 | Hypermethylation | [73,74,90,91,92] |
RARβ | Cell growth and differentiation | 3p24 | Hypermethylation * | [97,108] |
miRNA | Type of Malignancy | Possible Clinical Utility | Expression | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-21 | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Oral Squamous cell carcinoma | Diagnosis/prognosis utility (detected also in plasma) | Upregulated | [117,118] |
miR-375 | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Associated with clinical parameters | Downregulated | [119] |
miR-31 | Oral carcinoma | Non-invasive and early diagnosis tool (saliva) and also prognosis marker | Upregulated | [120] |
miR-7 | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Upregulated | [118] | |
miR-27b | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Saliva biomarker for OSCC | Upregulated | [121] |
miR-125b | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Therapeutic target | Downregulated | [122] |
miR-155 | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Prognosis value | Upregulated | [123,124] |
miR-181 | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Lymph node metastasis marker | Upregulated | [125] |
miR-211 | Oral carcinoma | Poor prognosis marker | Upregulated | [126] |
Additional upregulated miRNAs | miR-9*, miR-424, miR-7–1*, miR-15b, miR-9, miR-155, and miR-196a, miR-24, miR-18a, miR-221, miR-16, let-7b, | [118,121,127] | ||
Additional downregulated miRNAs | miR-486-5p, miR-136, miR-147, miR-1250, miR-148a, miR-632, miR-646, miR-668, miR-877, miR-503, miR-220a, miR-323-5p, miR-223, miR-29a | [118,121,127] |
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Irimie, A.I.; Ciocan, C.; Gulei, D.; Mehterov, N.; Atanasov, A.G.; Dudea, D.; Berindan-Neagoe, I. Current Insights into Oral Cancer Epigenetics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030670
Irimie AI, Ciocan C, Gulei D, Mehterov N, Atanasov AG, Dudea D, Berindan-Neagoe I. Current Insights into Oral Cancer Epigenetics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(3):670. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030670
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrimie, Alexandra Iulia, Cristina Ciocan, Diana Gulei, Nikolay Mehterov, Atanas G. Atanasov, Diana Dudea, and Ioana Berindan-Neagoe. 2018. "Current Insights into Oral Cancer Epigenetics" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 3: 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030670