Pivotal Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Their Signal Cascade for Cellular and Whole-Body Energy Homeostasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PPAR Signals in Liver
3. PPAR Signals in Adipose Tissue
4. PPAR Signals in Skeletal Muscle
5. PPAR Signals in Kidney
6. PPAR Signals in Heart
7. PPAR Signals in Brain
8. PPAR Signals in Pancreatic β-Cells
9. PPAR Signals in Intestine
10. Co-Regulators of PPAR in Energy Homeostasis
11. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PPARs | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors |
FAs | Fatty acids |
PPREs | PPAR response elements |
FAO | Fatty acid oxidation |
CPT1 | Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 |
HDL | High-density lipoprotein |
WAT | White adipose tissue |
BAT | Brown adipose tissue |
GPDH | Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
OXPHOS | Oxidative phosphorylation |
PDK4 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 |
LDHB | Lactate dehydrogenase B |
PGC-1α | PPARγ coactivator-1α |
UCP1 | Uncoupling protein 1 |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
TFEB | Transcription factor EB |
TCA | Tricarboxylic acid |
GIT1 | G-protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting protein-1 |
ACC | Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase |
FAS | Fatty acid synthase |
VMN | Ventromedial nucleus |
ARC | Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus |
NPY | Neuropeptide Y |
POMC | Pro-opiomelanocortin |
CNS | Central nervous system |
DIO | Diet induced obesity |
LCAD | Long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase |
NCOR1 | Nuclear co-repressor 1 |
HNFα | Hepatocyte nuclear factor α |
C/EBPα | CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α |
MED1 | Mediator complex subunit 1 |
ANGPTL4 | Angiopoietin-like protein 4 |
TG | Triglyceride |
HMG-CoAS2 | Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase |
SCFAs | Short chain fatty acids |
EFA-CLA | Fatty acids from conjugated linoleic acid-enriched egg yolks |
CLA | Conjugated linoleic acid |
NAFLD | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NASH | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
TZD | Thiazolidinediones |
ERK1/2 | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase type 1 and 2 |
P38-MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 |
PKC | Protein kinase C |
AMPK | 5’Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
GSK3 | Glycogen synthase kinase 3 |
Appendix A
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Lamichane, S.; Dahal Lamichane, B.; Kwon, S.-M. Pivotal Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Their Signal Cascade for Cellular and Whole-Body Energy Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19040949
Lamichane S, Dahal Lamichane B, Kwon S-M. Pivotal Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Their Signal Cascade for Cellular and Whole-Body Energy Homeostasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(4):949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19040949
Chicago/Turabian StyleLamichane, Shreekrishna, Babita Dahal Lamichane, and Sang-Mo Kwon. 2018. "Pivotal Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Their Signal Cascade for Cellular and Whole-Body Energy Homeostasis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 4: 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19040949