Effect of Glutathione Bio-Molecule on Tooth Discoloration Associated with Silver Diammine Fluoride
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Spectrophotometric Measurement of Color Changes
2.2. SEM Observation Results
2.3. EDS Elemental Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Specimens Preparation
4.2. Material Application
- 1-
- Thirty-eight percent SDF: applied to the tooth surface and agitated using a micro-brush for 1 min, left for 2 min and rinsed with a copious amount of distilled water for 30 s;
- 2-
- SDF followed by KI: SDF was applied to the tooth surface, immediately followed by application of a saturated KI solution until creamy white precipitates turned clear, then washed with copious amounts of distilled water for 30 s; and,
- 3-
- SDF mixed with 20% GSH: under vigorous stirring, SDF was mixed with 20% GSH by weight until the solution was clear without any precipitates. Then applied in the same manner as the SDF.
4.3. Color Assessment
4.4. .Morphology Observation
4.5. Elemental Analysis
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enamel | Exposed to Light (Wavelength 410–460 nm) | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDF | SDF + GSH | SDF + KI | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Immediate | 4.68 a | 1.44 | 1.20 b | 0.34 | 4.65 a | 0.84 | ≤0.001 * |
3 h | 14.17 a | 3.05 | 2.17 c | 0.58 | 5.28 b | 0.71 | ≤0.001 * |
6 h | 21.95 a | 3.53 | 3.32 b | 0.71 | 5.51 b | 0.81 | ≤0.001 * |
24 h | 34.52 a | 1.93 | 7.62 b | 2.11 | 6.23 b | 0.86 | ≤0.001 * |
48 h | 40.32 a | 2.40 | 9.76 b | 2.29 | 6.55 c | 1.06 | ≤0.001 * |
72 h | 42.62 a | 2.38 | 10.94 b | 2.07 | 6.90 c | 1.42 | ≤0.001 * |
7 days | 43.81 a | 3.27 | 13.03 b | 2.46 | 7.08 c | 1.97 | ≤0.001 * |
10 days | 45.68 a | 4.06 | 13.98 b | 2.54 | 6.88 c | 1.24 | ≤0.001 * |
14 days | 46.77 a | 3.45 | 14.76 b | 2.35 | 6.99 c | 1.39 | ≤0.001 * |
Enamel | Dark | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDF | SDF + GSH | SDF + KI | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Immediate | 2.63 b | 0.88 | 2.01 b | 0.52 | 4.36 a | 1.03 | ≤0.001 * |
3 h | 2.79 b | 0.99 | 1.64 b | 0.54 | 5.29 a | 1.09 | ≤0.001 * |
6 h | 2.61 b | 0.83 | 2.61 b | 0.89 | 5.36 a | 1.01 | ≤0.001 * |
24 h | 4.66 ab | 1.66 | 3.23 b | 0.92 | 5.68 a | 1.28 | 0.009 * |
48 h | 5.65 ab | 1.91 | 4.13 b | 0.67 | 6.13 a | 1.23 | 0.033 * |
72 h | 6.95 | 2.37 | 4.95 | 1.02 | 6.46 | 1.50 | 0.117 NS |
7 days | 8.35 | 2.67 | 5.86 | 1.53 | 6.25 | 1.58 | 0.134 NS |
10 days | 11.02 a | 2.39 | 6.55 b | 1.20 | 6.74 b | 1.60 | 0.003 * |
14 days | 11.87 a | 2.32 | 7.45 b | 1.56 | 6.91 b | 1.73 | 0.004 * |
Dentin | Light | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDF | SDF + GSH | SDF + KI | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Immediate | 2.47 b | 0.57 | 3.38 a | 1.18 | 4.50 a | 1.00 | 0.002 * |
3 h | 8.43 | 1.23 | 7.12 | 0.74 | 7.82 | 1.42 | 0.095 NS |
6 h | 9.65 a | 1.32 | 8.17 b | 1.09 | 8.33 b | 1.00 | 0.016 * |
24 h | 14.40 a | 1.67 | 11.50 b | 1.12 | 9.12 c | 0.92 | ≤0.001 * |
48 h | 19.16 a | 1.72 | 12.98 b | 1.10 | 10.42 c | 0.73 | ≤0.001 * |
72 h | 21.30 a | 1.21 | 15.36 b | 0.71 | 11.60 c | 0.99 | ≤0.001 * |
7 days | 23.91a | 1.94 | 18.55 b | 0.77 | 13.04 c | 0.83 | ≤0.001 * |
10 days | 27.94 a | 1.18 | 21.63 b | 0.58 | 12.74 c | 0.72 | ≤0.001 * |
14 days | 27.52 a | 1.15 | 25.67 b | 0.45 | 13.96 c | 1.12 | ≤0.001 * |
Dentin | Dark | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDF | SDF + GSH | SDF + KI | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Immediate | 2.05 | 0.61 | 2.99 | 0.91 | 2.69 | 1.43 | 0.129 NS |
3 h | 6.12 | 2.18 | 5.14 | 1.15 | 6.57 | 1.64 | 0.268 NS |
6 h | 8.45 a | 0.84 | 5.52 b | 1.28 | 8.00 a | 1.04 | ≤0.001 * |
24 h | 10.30 a | 0.80 | 7.72 c | 0.73 | 8.84 b | 0.86 | ≤0.001 * |
48 h | 11.64 a | 1.04 | 9.87 b | 0.84 | 9.64 b | 0.55 | ≤0.001 * |
72 h | 13.32 a | 1.11 | 12.36 b | 0.66 | 10.69 c | 0.76 | ≤0.001 * |
7 days | 15.96 a | 0.57 | 15.69 a | 0.91 | 12.54 b | 0.91 | ≤0.001 * |
10 days | 19.32 a | 0.54 | 18.62 b | 0.37 | 12.84 c | 0.85 | ≤0.001 * |
14 days | 22.29 a | 00.81 | 20.90 b | 0.82 | 13.61 c | 1.02 | ≤0.001 * |
Code | Materials | Composition | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|
SDF | Saforide | 38% Silver diamine fluoride | Bee Brand Medico Dental, Osaka, Japan |
F = 44,880 ppm, Ag = 253,870 ppm | |||
KI | Potassium Iodide (KI) | White, crystalline powder of KI | Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan |
GSH | Glutathione | l-Glutathione reduced | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA |
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Sayed, M.; Matsui, N.; Hiraishi, N.; Nikaido, T.; Burrow, M.F.; Tagami, J. Effect of Glutathione Bio-Molecule on Tooth Discoloration Associated with Silver Diammine Fluoride. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051322
Sayed M, Matsui N, Hiraishi N, Nikaido T, Burrow MF, Tagami J. Effect of Glutathione Bio-Molecule on Tooth Discoloration Associated with Silver Diammine Fluoride. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(5):1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051322
Chicago/Turabian StyleSayed, Mahmoud, Naoko Matsui, Noriko Hiraishi, Toru Nikaido, Michael F. Burrow, and Junji Tagami. 2018. "Effect of Glutathione Bio-Molecule on Tooth Discoloration Associated with Silver Diammine Fluoride" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 5: 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051322