Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Enriched Cheeses Influence the Levels of Circulating n-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Humans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Subjects
4.2. Blood Sampling
4.3. Study Design
- Cow’s milk (cow-ENCH); supplied by Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland. CLA was increased in the milk by supplementation with linseed and sunflower oils (unpublished data).
- Sheep’s milk (sheep-2-ENCH); Pecorino Sardo PDO cheese supplied by AGRIS, Bonassai, Olmedo, Italy, which was enriched in CLA by using a sheep feeding regimen characterized by extensive grazing of grass–legume pastures and low levels of supplements [67].
- Goat’s milk (goat-ENCH); supplied by INRA, Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, France. The CLA-enriched goat spread-type cheese was manufactured by Actalia (Surgères, France). The milk was enriched in CLA as a result of an alfalfa hay-based diet supplemented with sunflower oil (130 g/day) and Vitamin E (50 g/day) [68].
4.4. Lipid Analyses
4.5. Quantitative Analysis of PPAR-α mRNA
5. Statistical Analyses
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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FA mol % in Plasma | Baseline (Time 0) | Sheep-1-ENCH (2 Weeks) | Sheep-1-ENCH (4 Weeks) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | |
14:0 | 1.25 | 0.24 | 1.16 | 0.16 | 1.36 | 0.26 |
16:0 (PA) | 30.28 | 0.54 | 29.52 | 0.34 | 24.72 | 0.63 *** |
17:0 | 7.27 | 0.22 | 7.49 | 0.12 | 6.02 | 0.21 *** |
18:0 | 1.03 | 0.06 | 1.16 | 0.06 | 1.03 | 0.08 |
16:1 | 2.54 | 0.15 | 2.53 | 0.22 | 2.32 | 0.30 |
18:1n-9 (OA) | 18.20 | 0.60 | 18.62 | 1.53 | 19.95 | 1.03 |
18:3n-3 (ALA) | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.42 | 0.04 ** | 0.52 | 0.05 *** |
18:4n-3 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
20:5n-3 (EPA) | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 0.05 * | 0.93 | 0.13 *** |
22:6n-3 (DHA) | 1.81 | 0.15 | 1.75 | 0.11 | 2.51 | 0.15 * |
18:2n-6 (LA) | 27.05 | 0.85 | 29.68 | 1.59 | 31.63 | 0.62 |
18:3n-6 | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 0.03 | 0.49 | 0.04 |
20:3n-6 | 1.52 | 0.12 | 1.53 | 0.19 | 1.64 | 0.13 |
20:4n-6 (ARA) | 6.79 | 0.37 | 6.46 | 0.43 | 7.11 | 0.38 |
22:4n-6 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
18:2c9t11 (CLA) | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.42 | 0.23 *** | 0.45 | 0.07 *** |
FA mol % in Plasma | CRTL | Cow-ENCH | Sheep-2-ENCH | Goat-ENCH | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | |
14:0 | 0.64 | 0.02 | 1.31 | 0.12 *** | 0.66 | 0.06 | 0.58 | 0.07 |
15:0 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 0.03 *** | 0.17 | 0.01 * | 0.22 | 0.02 |
16:0 (PA) | 11.53 | 0.25 | 11.26 | 2.27 | 11.13 | 0.30 | 11.93 | 0.85 |
17:0 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.34 | 0.02 ** | 0.50 | 0.05 |
18:0 | 9.03 | 0.29 | 6.90 | 0.42 | 6.95 | 0.21 * | 7.89 | 0.78 |
14:1 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.01 |
16:1 | 1.82 | 0.12 | 2.07 | 0.24 | 1.77 | 0.06 | 1.57 | 0.11 |
18:1n-9 (OA) | 26.31 | 1.02 | 29.96 | 1.90 | 27.48 | 1.30 | 26.70 | 1.19 |
18:3n-3 (ALA) | 0.58 | 0.03 | 0.69 | 0.04 | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.08 |
18:4n-3 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
20:5n-3 (EPA) | 0.54 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.07 | 0.73 | 0.11 | 0.76 | 0.14 |
22:6n-3 (DHA) | 1.99 | 0.09 | 2.73 | 0.33 *** | 2.47 | 0.08 ** | 2.74 | 0.28 *** |
18:2n-6 (LA) | 35.58 | 0.76 | 40.73 | 2.47 * | 38.67 | 1.56 | 34.32 | 1.24 |
18:3n-6 | 0.41 | 0.03 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.05 |
20:3n-6 | 1.89 | 0.08 | 2.32 | 0.11 * | 1.58 | 0.09 | 1.96 | 0.16 |
20:4n-6 (ARA) | 8.06 | 0.35 | 7.79 | 0.85 | 7.20 | 0.31 | 7.52 | 0.33 |
22:4n-6 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.03 |
18:1t11 (VA) | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.69 | 0.07 ** | 0.57 | 0.06 * | 1.03 | 0.15 *** |
18:2c9t11 (CLA) | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.11 ** | 0.41 | 0.04 | 0.85 | 0.11 *** |
Blood Parameters | Mean | SEM |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 30–40 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20–26 | |
Glycemia (mg/dL) | 85.5 | 1.5 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 80.3 | 6.3 |
Total cholesterol (C) (mg/dL) | 190.5 | 6.7 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 60.1 | 1.9 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 113.8 | 6.1 |
Total C/HDL-C ratio | 3.3 | 0.1 |
g FA/50 g of Cheese | Mean of CRTL Cheeses | Cow-ENCH | Sheep-2-ENCH | Goat-ENCH |
---|---|---|---|---|
short chain (c4–c10) | 2.30 | 1.55 | 2.06 | 2.15 |
12:0 | 0.63 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.43 |
14:0 | 1.33 | 0.79 | 1.06 | 1.11 |
15:0 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
16:0 (PA) | 2.98 | 2.30 | 2.16 | 2.27 |
17:0 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
18:0 | 1.02 | 1.35 | 1.20 | 1.08 |
14:1 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
16:1 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
18:1n-9 (OA) | 1.85 | 2.59 | 1.99 | 1.98 |
18:2n-6 (LA) | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.41 |
18:3n-3 (ALA) | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.04 |
18:1t11 (VA) | 0.19 | 0.86 | 0.61 | 1.06 |
18:2c9t11 (CLA) | 0.07 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.48 |
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Murru, E.; Carta, G.; Cordeddu, L.; Melis, M.P.; Desogus, E.; Ansar, H.; Chilliard, Y.; Ferlay, A.; Stanton, C.; Coakley, M.; et al. Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Enriched Cheeses Influence the Levels of Circulating n-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061730
Murru E, Carta G, Cordeddu L, Melis MP, Desogus E, Ansar H, Chilliard Y, Ferlay A, Stanton C, Coakley M, et al. Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Enriched Cheeses Influence the Levels of Circulating n-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Humans. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(6):1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061730
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurru, Elisabetta, Gianfranca Carta, Lina Cordeddu, Maria Paola Melis, Erika Desogus, Hastimansooreh Ansar, Yves Chilliard, Anne Ferlay, Catherine Stanton, Mairéad Coakley, and et al. 2018. "Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Enriched Cheeses Influence the Levels of Circulating n-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Humans" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 6: 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061730