Organic Bioelectronics: Materials and Biocompatibility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biocompatibility
- -
- Toxic: biomaterial has adverse effects on surrounding tissue e.g., cell death, immunological response, organ failure and inflammation.
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- Bioinert: non-toxic, biologically inactive. The material has no or minimal interaction with the living host. However, an adverse response may still occur as fibrous tissue may encapsulate the device, thus loosening and then severing the interface of the device with target cells resulting in device failure.
- -
- Bioactive: material is non-toxic and biologically active. The device forms an intimate connection with the host tissue.
- -
- Bioresorbable: non-toxic material dissolves in the host tissue. The bio-electronic device only functions temporarily. The surrounding host tissue can eventually replace the synthetic device.
3. Cell Adhesion
4. Organic Semiconductors for Bioelectronic Application
4.1. Materials for Electroactive Scaffolds
4.2. Materials for Neural Interface Electrodes
4.3. Materials for Photostimulation
4.4. Materials for Nerve Growth and Guidance
4.5. Materials for Drug Delivery
4.6. Materials for Biosensing
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aspect | Abiotic Electronic Biomedical Devices | Conjugated Polymers | Biotic Living Tissue |
---|---|---|---|
Composition | Inorganic metals, semiconductors | Organic molecules, including functionalized polythiophenes, copolymers, and dopants | Complicated, dynamic mixture of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids |
Physical State | Hard solids | Soft solids | Extremely soft solids |
Morphology | Single crystal, polycrystalline, or amorphous | Semicrystalline or amorphous | Complicated and dynamic; cells, intercellular spaces |
Surface structure | Nearly flat | Can be tailored from nearly flat to rough and fuzzy | Complicated and dynamic |
Mechanics: Young’s modulus | ~100 GPa | 10 MPa–3 GPa (as solids) 20 kPa–2 MPa (as gels) | ~10 kPa (cortex) |
Charge carriers | Electrons, holes | Electrons, holes, and ions | Ions |
Mass transport | Relatively limited at the molecular scale (solids), but can potentially incorporate microfluidic channels at large length scales | Facilitate ion transport with appropriate counterions, bicontinuous structures, deposition into hydrogels | Locally liquid-like biological environment |
Material | Assay Environment | Cell Type | Cell Adhesion | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), P3HT | Ex vivo, in vitro | Hippocampal neuron from embryonic 18-day rat embryos. Retinal neurons from 13–15 day chick embryos. | poly-l-lysine | [13,14,22,37] |
phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl ester, PCBM | Ex vivo | Hippocampal neuron from embryonic 18-day rat embryos | poly-l-lysine | [14,22] |
Quaterthiophene, T4 | In vitro | Primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, postnatal Sprague Dawley rats | poly-l-lysine | [36] |
Lysinated quaterthiophene, T4Lys | In vitro | DRG neurons, postnatal Sprague Dawley rats | Inherently good | [36] |
2,4-bis [4-(N,Ndiisobutylamino)-2,6dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine, DIBSq | In vitro | N2A cells | Inherently good | [42] |
Polypyrole, PPy | In vitro, ex vivo, in vivo | PC-12 cells, primary chicken sciatic nerve explants, subcutaneous and intramuscular sites, adult male Lewis rats | Poly-l-lysine | [48] |
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT | In vitro | Primary cortical cells, embryonic (18–20 days) mice. | Inherently good | [49] |
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS | In vivo | Hippocampal and cortex neurons, male Long Evans rats | Inherently good | [45] |
N,N′-ditridecylperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide, P13 | In vitro | Dorsal root ganglion neurons, post-natal rat | Poly-d-lysine + laminin | [50] |
C60 | In vitro | Dorsal root ganglion neurons, mice | Poly-d-lysine | This work—Supplementary Information |
poly(2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl)-quinoxaline-5,8-dyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl), TQ1 | In vitro | Dorsal root ganglion neurons, mice | Poly-d-lysine | This work—Supplementary Information |
16,17-Bis(n-octyloxy) anthra [9,1,2-cde] benzo[rst]pentaphene-5,10-dione, Violanthrone-79 | In vitro | Dorsal root ganglion neurons, mice | Poly-d-lysine | This work—Supplementary Information |
Nafion | In vitro, In vivo | HEp-2 cells. Male ICR mice | Inherently good | [51] |
Pentacene | In vitro | Neurons from forebrain of mouse embryos | Poly-l-lysine, laminin | [52] |
Graphene | In vitro | Brain tissue from postnatal mice | Poly-l-lysine | [32] |
Carbon nanotubes | In vitro | Hippocampal cells from Sprague Dawley rats | Inherently good | [33] |
poly{[N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene), N2200 | In vitro | Retina from chick eyes at embryonic day 13–15 | l-ornithin, laminin | [22] |
Poly(aniline), PANI | In vivo | Subcutaneous implantation into male Sprague-Dawley rats beneath the dorsal skin | Inherently good | [53] |
Ethylene-vinyl acetate, EVAc | In vivo | Subcutaneous implantation into male Sprague-Dawley rats beneath the dorsal skin | Inherently good | [53] |
Polyethylene, PE | In vivo | Subcutaneous implantation into male Sprague-Dawley rats beneath the dorsal skin | Inherently good | [53] |
poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives, PPV | In vitro | AsPC-1, HMEC-1, BV-2 and C8-D1A cells | Inherently good | [54,55] |
PLA-b-AP-b-PLA copolymer, PAP | In vitro | H9c2 cells | Inherently good | [56] |
Pyrrole-thiophene based polymer, BECP | In vitro, in vivo | Human neuroblastoma cells, subcutaneous implantation into rats | Inherently good | [57] |
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Feron, K.; Lim, R.; Sherwood, C.; Keynes, A.; Brichta, A.; Dastoor, P.C. Organic Bioelectronics: Materials and Biocompatibility. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082382
Feron K, Lim R, Sherwood C, Keynes A, Brichta A, Dastoor PC. Organic Bioelectronics: Materials and Biocompatibility. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(8):2382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082382
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeron, Krishna, Rebecca Lim, Connor Sherwood, Angela Keynes, Alan Brichta, and Paul C. Dastoor. 2018. "Organic Bioelectronics: Materials and Biocompatibility" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 8: 2382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082382