Combining Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: Can We Expect Limitations Due to Altered Normal Tissue Toxicity?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Radiotherapy in the Thoracic Region—Tumor Control Versus Immune Escape
3. Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Toxicity in the Lung
4. Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer
5. Combining Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer
6. Final Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
CAR | Chimeric Antigen Receptor |
CEACAM-1 | Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 |
cGAS | cGMP–AMP synthase |
CTLA-4 | Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated Protein 4 |
DAMPs | Damage-associated molecular patterns |
EGF | Epidermal growth factor |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
GM-CSF | Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
HMGB1 | High-Mobility-Group-Protein B1 |
ICI | Immune Checkpoint Inhibition |
IRAEs | Immune-related adverse effects |
MHCI | Major histocompatibility complex I |
NSCLC | Non-small cell lung cancer |
NTCP | Normal tissue complication probability |
PD1 | Programmed cell death protein 1 |
PD-L1 | Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 |
PRR | Pathogen recognition receptor |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
RT | Radiotherapy |
SBRT | Stereotactic body radiotherapy |
SCLC | small cell lung cancer |
SIRS | systemic inflammatory response syndrome |
STING | stimulator of interferon genes |
TGF-β | transforming growth factor beta |
TNFR | tumor necrosis factor receptor |
TLR | TOLL-like receptor |
TREX1 | three prime repair exonuclease 1 |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
VEGFR | Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor |
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Wirsdörfer, F.; De Leve, S.; Jendrossek, V. Combining Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: Can We Expect Limitations Due to Altered Normal Tissue Toxicity? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010024
Wirsdörfer F, De Leve S, Jendrossek V. Combining Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: Can We Expect Limitations Due to Altered Normal Tissue Toxicity? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(1):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010024
Chicago/Turabian StyleWirsdörfer, Florian, Simone De Leve, and Verena Jendrossek. 2019. "Combining Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: Can We Expect Limitations Due to Altered Normal Tissue Toxicity?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 1: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010024